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AMAETHYDDIAETH Y WLAD.Ychydig iawn eto o’r wlad hon sydd wedi ei hamaethu mewn cydmariaeth i’w maint a’i phoblogaeth; ond er hyny, gwelir darnau helaeth yma a thraw yn cael eu trin. |
CULTIVATION OF THE LAND.Very little of this country is yet under cultivation in comparison with its size and population; nonetheless, one can find here and there extensive areas being tilled. |
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Y prif gynyrch ydyw gwenith, yr hwn yn gyffredin sydd rawn da hynod, os caiff dymhor gauaf heb fod yn rhy wlyb. Codir llawer o geirch mewn ardaloedd, pa un a dòrir â phladur cyn iddo aeddfedu, ac a gesglir yn nghyd fel y gwneir â gwair yn Brydain, i’w werthu yn y trefydd i borthi ceffylau. Cynnyrchir llawer o bytatws hynod dda, ac anaml y maent yn ffaelu yn y wlad hóno. Mae ffarmwriaeth a garddwriaeth yn cael eu cario yn mlaen yn hynod o annhrefnus: a llafurir yr oll o’r ddaear âg ychain. |
The principal crop is wheat, which in general produces very good corn, providing the winter is not too wet. Oats are grown in quantity in some districts, which are cut with scythes before ripening, and gathered together as is done with hay in Britain, to be sold in the towns as horse feed. Many very good potatoes are produced, and the harvest rarely fails in that country. Farming and horticulture are carried on in a most disorderly fashion: and all the land is worked by cattle. |
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Mae y prisiau y gwerthir y tiroedd wedi bod yn afresymol o orthrymus ac uchel, a thrwy hyn mae y wlad yn cael ei chadw o afael y bobl, heb ei hamaethu, a channoedd yn ymfudo i New Zealand, Van Dieman’s Land, ac Amerig, i brynu tir. |
Land prices have been unreasonably high and burdensome, and the country has thereby been kept out of the hands of the people and uncultivated, and hundreds have emigrated to New Zealand, Van Diemen’s Land, and America, to buy land. |
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Nid oes rheol resymol a chyfiawn gan braidd neb i fasnachu unrhyw nwyddau, ond gwna pawb o’r bron ddefnyddio ei fantais i gael y pris uchaf am bob peth; ac y mae yn syndod mor uchel ydoedd prisiau rhyw fath o nwyddau a chynnyrch y tir, y blynyddoedd a aethant heibio. |
Almost no one practises any reasonable or fair principle of trading in any commodity, but everyone uses his advantages to the full to get the highest possible price for everything; and it is astonishing how high prices have been for all kinds of goods and produce in recent years. |
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CYFLOGAU
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WAGES
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EU DULL O FUGEILIO DEFAID.Mae eu dull yn bugeilio yn hynod o fedrus. Y mae gan yr un gŵr weithiau o 10, 15, 20, i 30 o filoedd o ddefaid. Yn gyffredin preswylia y meddiannydd mewn ty lled dda, wedi ei adeiladu o goed, ac os posibl, yn agos at ddwfr. Yna gwna luestai i’r bugeiliaid; rhai i’r Dwyrain, Gorllewin, Gogledd, a De, oddiwrth annedd y perchenog—yn mherfeddion yr anialwch, ddwy filltir neu dair, ac weithiau bum milltir oddiwrth yr head station, fel ei gelwir. |
THEIR METHOD OF TENDING SHEEP.Their method of shepherding is remarkably clever. One man sometimes owns from 10, 15, 20 to 30 thousand sheep. Generally the owner lives in a fairly fine house, built of wood, and if possible, close to water. Then huts are made for the shepherds; some to the East, West, North, and South of the owner’s residence—in the midst of the wilderness, two or three miles, and sometimes five miles from the ‘head station’, as it is called. |
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Mae pedair mil o ddefaid dan ofal dau fugail; un bugail yn eu gwylied a’u harwain i’r porfeydd, ac i’r man gorphwys ganol dydd ar y gwres, a’u harwain i’r gorlan at y lluest y nos. Yna swpera y ddau fugail yn nghyd, ac â hwnw oedd yn canlyn y praidd y dydd i orphwys; a’r llall, yr hwn a orphwysasai y dydd, a â allan i’w gwylied trwy’r nos, i’w cadw rhag y cwn gwylltion, y rhai sydd dra aml yn y wlad, a thra niweidiol i’r defaid yn y corlanau; ac y mae gan y bugail sydd yn gwylio ddryll llwythog, ac os gall, fe saetha y cwn pan ddeuant. |
Four thousand sheep are under the care of two shepherds; one shepherd watches them and leads them to the pastures, and to the resting place in the midday heat, and to the fold near the hut at night. Then the two shepherds sup together, and the one who has followed the herd during the day goes to sleep; and the other, who has rested in the day, goes out to watch through the night, to guard them from the wild dogs, which are very abundant in the country, and very dangerous to the sheep in their folds; and the shepherd on watch has a loaded rifle, and if he can, he shoots the dogs when they come. |
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Mae y cwn gwylltion yn greaduriaid tebyg iawn i lwynogod Cymru, o liw rhuddgoch ac o faint llwynog cyffredin, ac y maent yn hynod o ddinystriol i’r diadellau defaid mewn rhai parthar o’r wlad. Eu dull o ddinystrio sydd dra niweidiol; tòrant damaid o dan fol y ddafad yn llwyr at yr ymysgaroedd, ac wedi hyny at un arall, ac felly yn y blaen, a buan iawn y difant gant o’r ddiadell. |
The wild dogs are creatures very similar to the foxes of Wales, red in colour and as big as the common fox, and they are singularly destructive to the flocks in some parts of the country. The way they kill is most savage; they tear a piece from the belly of the sheep right through to the bowels, and then go on to another one, and so on, and very soon they have destroyed a hundred of the flock. |
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Ystôr bwth y bugail ydynt—sachaid o beilliad, cisten o dè, a bag o siwgr, ac ychydig halen, a lladda ddafad wrth raid. Yr holl ddodrefn ydynt—math o wely, bwrdd, a stol; padell ffrio, a chrochan i ferwi dwfr at y tea, am mai mewn crochanau, yn gyffredin y gwneir y drwyth werthfawr hon. Gan fod cymaint prinder llaeth, a diodydd ereill mor ddrud, y mae tea o fawr werth ar hin mor boeth, pan y mae llafur caled o dan effeithiau yr haul tanbaid yn creu cymaint syched. |
In his hut a shepherd keeps—a sack of flour, a chest of tea, a bag of sugar, and a little salt, and he kills sheep for himself as the need arises. The only furniture consists of—a kind of bed, a table, and a stool; a frying pan, and a pot for boiling water for tea, for it is pots that this valuable infusion is commonly made. Because of the scarcity of milk, and other such expensive drinks, tea is of great value in so hot a climate, where hard work in the scorching heat of the sun creates such thirst. |
GOLCHI Y PRAIDD A’U CNEIFIO.Yn amser golchi y diadelloedd, cyn cneifio, cesglir y mân ddiadelloedd gan yr holl fugeiliaid i’r un man, at ryw ddyfroedd; ac weithiau gorfyddir hwynt fyned bellder mawr at y dyfroedd. Ar y cyfryw amser, cyflogir nifer mawr o ddynion i gynorthwyo y bugeiliaid i’w golchi; a lle byddo nifer mawr o ddefaid, parha y gwaith am wythnos i olchi cynifer. Yna gyrir yr holl ddiadell at dŷ y meistr, a’r miloedd defaid wedi dyfod i fyny o’r olchfa yn olwg hynod o ddymunol. Yn llyfr Caniad Solomon cyffelybir dannedd y ddyweddi i ddiadell o ddefaid gwastad gnaif yn dyfod i fyny o’r olchfa yn wynion a phrydferth. |
WASHING AND SHEARING THE SHEEP.At washing time for the flocks, before shearing, the small flocks are gathered by all the shepherds in one place, near a body of water; and sometimes they must travel a great distance to the water. At this time, a large number of men are engaged to assist the shepherds in the washing; and when there are a great many sheep, it takes a week to wash them all. Then the whole flock is driven to the master’s house, and the sight of thousands of sheep coming up from the washing-place is a most agreeable one. In the book of the Song of Solomon the teeth of the beloved are likened to a flock of sheep even shorn coming up from the washing-place, white and beautiful.34 |
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Erbyn hyn bydd gan y meistr weithiau ugain neu ddeg-ar-hugain o gneifwyr wedi eu cyflogi, y rhai a ddechreuant ar eu gwaith, a thelir iddynt o ddeutu deg swllt ar-hugain y cant am eu gwaith; ac yn amser cneifio porthir hwynt â’r danteithion goreu a gynnyrcha y wlad; ond tybygwyf fod cneifwyr Nabal, y Carmeliad, yn cael seigiau na chneifiwyr Australia. |
By this time the master has employed twenty or thirty shearers, who begin their work, and they are paid about thirty shillings per hundred sheep for their work; and at shearing time they are served the greatest delicacies produced by the country; but I suppose that the shearers of Nabal, the Carmelite, had better meals than the shearers of Australia.35 |
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Yn amser cneifio bydd gan y meistr ddynion parod a medrus yn casglu y gwlan o law y cneifwyr, a’i ddodi mewn sachau mawrion, yn cynnwys o ddeutu 200 o bwysau, pa rai a gludir i lan môr, ac a anfonir i Loegr yn llwythi llongau—a dywedir ei fod yn uwch pris nag unrhyw wlan arall yn marchnadoedd Lloegr, o herwydd ei ddefnyddioldeb i wneuthur brethynau meinwych, &c. |
At shearing time the master has skilled men ready to collect the wool from the hands of the shearers, and to put it in large sacks, holding about 200 pounds, which are conveyed to the coast, and transported to England in shiploads—and it is said that it fetches a higher price than any other wool in English markets, on account of its usefulness for making fine cloth, &c. |
Y CATTLE STATIONS.Y mae yn y wlad hon hefyd leoedd a elwir ganddynt y Cattle Stations, lle cedwir dim ond gwartheg; ac weithiau meddianna yr un gŵr gymaint ag o 200 hyd yn 500 o eidionau, heblaw meirch a gwartheg blithion at fagu lloi. |
THE CATTLE STATIONS.In this country there are also places called the ‘Cattle Stations’, where only cattle are kept; and sometimes the same man owns as many as 200 to 500 bullocks, besides horses and milch cows for raising calves. |
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Mae y gwartheg yn naturiol yn myned yn wylltion a chreulawn, ac weithiau yn dra pheryglus. Mae y bugeiliaid sydd yn edrych ar ol y gwartheg oll yn marchogaeth meirch buan, er diogelwch i’r dynion, a hwylusdod at eu gwaith. |
Naturally, the cattle become wild and savage, and sometimes very dangerous. The herdsmen who look after the cattle all ride swift horses, for their own safety, and to facilitate their work. |
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34 Cf Song of Solomon 4:2 and 6:6. 35 See 1 Samuel 25:11. |