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HANES, &c.Sylfaenwyd y drefedigaeth hon yn y flwyddyn 1835, gan breswylwyr yr ynys gyfagos (Van Diemen’s Land). Penderfynasai y llywodraeth Brydeinig ar yr adeg a nodwyd, ddyrchafu pris y tiroedd trefedigaethol i bunt yr erw. Achlysurodd hyn ddigofaint tanllyd yn mynwesau y trefedigion, yn enwedig y Van Diemeniaid. Ymroesant yn unfrydol i groesi “Cyfyngfor Bass,” a meddiannu rhyw lanerchau allan o derfynau y trefedigaethau Seis’nig. Anfonwyd Mr. Bateman drosodd yn mis Mai, i arholi ansawdd y wlad. Yn ei adroddiad dilynol dywedai, ei fod wedi pwrcasu am ychydig deganau plant, gan y brodorion duon, ddarn dirfawr o dir, “nas tewynodd haul erioed ar ei ragorach.” Yn ganlynol dechreuwyd ymfudo gyda’r prysurdeb mwyaf angerddol o’r holl drefedigaethau Australaidd, i’r “Wlad Newydd.” Yn wir yr oedd y demtasiwn yn fawr! diangc am byth o afael trethi, rhenti, deddf a llywodraeth! Pwy nis gwnai? Fe arganmolwyd y sefydliad newydd—megis ail “Wlad yr Addewid,” a’i phreswylwyr yn “had sanctaidd” wedi diangc “o gaethiwed y pridd-feini.” Ond ymddengys nid y Môr Coch oedd Cyfyngfor Bass, oblegyd fe anturiodd Pharoah yn ddibetrus eu dilyn, a dychwelasant dan deyrnged drachefn! Yn 1839, estynwyd awdurdod y drefedigaeth agosaf, sef New South Wales, dros sefydliad newydd ag afreolaidd Port Phillip. |
HISTORY, &c.The colony was founded in the year 1835 by the inhabitants of the neighbouring island (Van Diemen’s Land). The British government resolved at that time to raise the price of settlement land to one pound a year. This aroused ire in the hearts of the settlers, especially the Vandemonians. As one, they applied themselves to crossing the “Bass Strait,” and occupied several places outside the bounds of the English colonies. Mr Bateman was sent over in May, to examine the quality of the land. In his subsequent report he stated that he had purchased from the black natives for a few children’s toys, a huge parcel of land, “on whose superior the sun had never shone.”15 As a consequence an emigration began, with the most intense haste of all the Australian colonies, to the “New Land.” Indeed the temptation was great! to escape forever from the grip of taxes, rents, law and government! Who would not do it? The new settlement was praised—as the second “Promised Land,” and its denizens as “holy seed” escaped “from the captivity of the bricks.” But it seems the Bass Strait was not the Red Sea, for Pharaoh ventured after them unhesitatingly, and they returned under tribute again! In 1839, the authority of the nearest colony, New South Wales, was extended over the new and irregular settlement of Port Phillip. |
ANSAWDD Y TIR.Y mae arwyneb Victoria yn fwy Cymreig na’r eiddo New South Wales; y mynyddoedd yn uwch a mwy drylliedig, y dyffrynoedd yn is a chulach, a’r gwastad-diroedd nid ydynt mor annherfynol eangfawr. Y coed ydynt braffach a mwy gwasgaredig; yr afonydd ydynt luosocach a diogelach eu dyfroedd. Mewn perthynas i ansawdd y tir, dywedai Mr. Earp, “ei fod yn llawn digon ffrwythlawn i atteb pob dybenion amaethyddol, ac wedi ei ddyfrhau yn dda.” Ac ebe teithiwr arall, Mr. Howitt, “Gwelais yma ddigonedd o wlad odiaeth dda, ei gwyneb mor ddiddrysni a chae gwair newydd ladd; ni welodd y byd erioed wlad, eangach, na mwy ysplenydd er porfâd gwartheg a defaid.” Dr. Lang a sylwa “y cynnwysa y drefedigaeth, gyfiawnder o dir o’r nodwedd uwchaf, o ran ffrwythonrwydd. Gallech ddiwyllio digon o dir i wneud ffarm fawr, heb gymaint ag un boncyff i lesteirio yr aradr. Heblaw hyn, y mae ei glô yn ddihysbydd.” Mr. Malcom, hefyd, cwrcydydd (squatter) arosol yn Victoria, a dystiolaethodd gerbron Senedd New South Wales, “Yr ydwyf yn credu nad oes tir brasach yn un man o’r byd; y mae mor rhagorol tir ag y dodwyd aradr ynddo erioed: y mae yn cael ei ddyfrhau yn dda.” |
QUALITY OF THE LAND.The landscape of Victoria is more Welsh than that of New South Wales; the mountains are higher and more rugged, the valleys deeper and narrower, and the plains are not so endlessly expansive. The trees are thicker and more scattered; the rivers are more numerous and their waters more dependable. Regarding the quality of the land, Mr. Earp said that “it is quite fertile enough to serve every agricultural purpose, and well watered.” And another traveller, Mr. Howitt, said “I saw here an ample amount of uncommonly good land, as free of thornbrakes as a field of newly cut hay; the world has never seen a broader country, nor a more splendid one for grazing sheep and cattle.” Dr. Lang notes that “the colony possesses an abundance of land of the highest character, as regards fertility. One could till enough land to make a large farm, without a single stump to hinder the plough. Moreover, the coal is inexhaustible.” Likewise Mr. Malcolm, a squatter resident in Victoria, testified before the New South Wales Parliament, “I do not believe there is richer land in any part of the world; it is as fine a country as ever felt a plough: it is well watered.” |
DOSRANIAD TIRAWL.Y mae trefedigaeth Victoria, wedi ei dosparthu i 23 o siroedd, y rhan fwyaf o lai maintioli na’r eiddo New South Wales. Cafwyd aur eisoes mewn mwy na’r hanner o honynt. |
TERRITORIAL DIVISIONS.The colony of Victoria is divided into 23 counties, the majority of them smaller in area than those in New South Wales. Gold has already been found in more than half of them. |
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Prif-ddinas— |
Capital— |
MELBOURNE.“Yr awel bêr rywiog, Saif y ddinas fechan dlos hon, ar làn yr Yara Yara, ychydig uwchlaw ei hymarllwysiad i ddyfroedd Port Phillip. Gosodwyd ei sylfaeni gan Sir R. Bourke, yn y flwyddyn 1837. Gorwedd mewn dyffryn ffrwythlawn, ar lethrau isel, a araf ymgyfodant oddiar yr afon, gyda rhediad pa un yr ymestyn y ddinas tua dwy filldir. Adeiladwaith yr eglwysi, llysoedd deddf a barn, &c. ynghyd a lliaws o’r anneddau cyffredin, sydd nodedig o hardd. Treuliwyd yn ddiweddar ar bont un bwa, uwchlaw 15,000l. Y mae Eglwys Loegr, yn perchenogi tair o eglwysi godidog ynddi, ac nid oes braidd un enwad crefyddol adnabyddus yn Mhrydain, na fedd ryw fan o ymgynhulliad yn Melbourne. Nifer y tai cerrig yw 3,055—y tai coed 1,018. |
MELBOURNE.“The sweet and tender breeze, This pretty little city stands on the banks of the Yarra Yarra, a little above its discharge into the waters of Port Phillip. Its foundations were laid by Sir R. Bourke in the year 1837. It lies in a fertile valley, on gentle slopes rising slowly from the river, along the course of which the city extends about two miles. The architecture of the churches, the courts of law, &c. as well as a great many of the general residences, is noted for its beauty. More than £15,000 were recently spent on a bridge of only one arch. The Church of England has three splendid churches there, and there is scarcely any religious denomination known in Britain that does not possess some place of congregation in Melbourne. The stone houses number 3,055—the wooden houses 1,018. |
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Poblogaeth.—23,070. |
Population.—23,070. |
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Eiddo derbyniol y Porthladd, 744,295l. |
Goods received in the Port, 744,295l. |
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„ Trosglwyddol, „ 1,041,796l. |
„ Shipped, „ 1,041,796l. |
HINSAWDD.Y mae mor debyg i eiddo New South Wales, nad oes angenrhaid sylwi yn benodol arno. Efallai ei fod ar y cyfan ychydig yn oerach. |
CLIMATE.It is so like that of New South Wales that there is no need to remark specifically on it. It may be that it is on the whole a little colder. |
LLYWODRAETH.Ffurfiwyd Victoria yn drefedigaeth anymddibynol, yn y flwyddyn 1850, a rhoddwyd iddi yr un drefniant llywodraethol a New South Wales. |
GOVERNMENT.Victoria was created as an independent colony in the year 1850, and was given the same administrative system as New South Wales. |
MASNACH, &c.Nifer yr anifeiliaid perthynol i’r drefedigaeth ydyw, Ceffylau 21,000, Gwartheg 389,000, Moch 9,000, Defaid 6,000,000.
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COMMERCE, &c.The number of animals belonging to the colony is, Horses 21,000, Cattle 389,000, Pigs 9,000, Sheep 6,000,000.
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SOUTH AUSTRALIA.“Yma ceir llawnion gaeau meillionog, Ymestyniad arfordirawl y drefedigaeth hon, sydd o ymarllwysiad yr Afon Glenelg hyd Cape Adieu, yn eithaf y “Great Australian Bight,” yr hyn a wna ei mor-lan uwchlaw 800 milldir. Cyraedd ei therfynau tua’r berfedd-wlad oddeutu 350 o filldiroedd. Ei harwyneb sydd 300,000 o filldiroedd ysgwar, neu 20,000,000 o Erwau. |
SOUTH AUSTRALIA.“Here are fields rich with clover, The coast of this colony runs from the mouth of the River Glenelg to Cape Adieu, at the extreme end of the Great Australian Bight, making it more than 800 miles long. The bight reaches about 350 miles into the interior. The surface area of the colony is 300,000 miles square, or 20,000,000 Acres. |
HANES, &c.Ffurfiwyd y drefedigaeth hon drwy weithred Seneddol, yn y flwyddyn 1835. Yn ol ei chynllun cyntefig yr ydoedd i fod yn “Model Colony,” yn drefedigaeth berffaith, yn batrwm i weithredu arno mewn oesoedd dilynol. Yr oedd holl ddosbarthiadau cymdeithas i’w cynrychioli yn gywir, pob galwedigaeth i’w rhifo a’i chyfaddasu i’r angen, y gweithiwr i’w feistr, y cyflog i’r gwasanaeth. Yr ydoedd y ffurf-lywodraeth mor uchel ei ehediadau prydyddol, a phe cyhoeddasid “o dan nawdd” un o gadeir-feirdd Cymru, yn lle yr eiddo ei “Rasusaf Fawrhydi, Gwilym y Pedwaredd.” Ond ysywaeth! ni phlyga deddfau Cymdeithasiad, i foddio mympwyon breuddwydwyr pendefigol. Er pob cynnorthwy arianol, ac achlesiad llywodraethol, yn waeth-waeth yr aeth y drefedigaeth druan, nes o’r diwedd, wbwb! Yn deilchion wyllt a hi! Trosglwyddwyd y gorchwyl i law Rhagluniaeth yn awr, ac yn araf o’r adfail anobeithiol, cyfododd trefedigaeth lwyddiannus a chyfoethog. Darganfyddwyd Copr a mwnau eraill, o’r flwyddyn 1842 hyd 1845, mewn cyflawnder anghredadwy o’r bron. Dywedir nad yw “Mynydd Paris,” ond tlodi ei hun, mewn cyferbyniad i grombil metelawg dihysbydd y “Burra Burra.” Y mae yr elw i’r Cwmpeini presennol yn 200l. y cant oddiwrtho! “Chwaneged, deled eilwaith, |
HISTORY, &c.This colony was created by an act of Parliament in the year 1835. According to its original plan it was to be a “Model Colony”, a perfect colony, a pattern to work from in future ages. All classes of society were to be properly represented, every occupation to be tallied and adjusted to the need, the worker to his master, the wages to the service. The constitution was as soaringly poetic as if it had been proclaimed “under the auspices” of one of the chair-bards16 of Wales instead of that of his “Most Gracious Majesty, William the Fourth.” But alas! the laws of Association will not bend to please the whims of noble dreamers. Despite all financial assistance and government aid, the poor colony became ever worse, till finally, woe! Into wild pieces it fell! The task was delivered now to Providence, and slowly, from hopeless ruin, there rose a successful and wealthy colony. Copper and other minerals were discovered, from the years 1842 to 1845, in almost unbelievable quantity. It is said that “Parys Mountain,”17 is but poverty itself, in contrast to the inexhaustible metalliferous bowels of the “Burra Burra.” The profit to the present Company from it is 200l. per cwt! Be there increase of honey and wine, |
ANSAWDD TIR.Y mae yr arwyneb lawer yn Wastadach, na’r eiddo y trefedigaethau eraill. Nodwedd cyffredinol South Australia ydyw, gwastad-diroedd araf-donog, coedwigoedd agored a gwasgaredig, ynghyd ag ambell lannerch ddirfawr o fan-goed, tywyll, anhyffordd. Dywed Col. Gawler un o’i Rhaglawiaid, fod “y drydydd o’r arwyneb yn dir ŷd rhagorol,” a Mr. Sutton a’n sicrha, fod “yma filoedd o Erwau yn barod i’r aradr, heb gymaint a choeden i’w diwreiddio yn flaenorol;” angenrhaid ychwanegu mai lled denau ac ysgafn yw y pridd yn y cyffredin, er ei fod yn cynnyrchu o 35 i 40 bwsiel yr erw, yn ddiwrtaith. O berthynas i’r dwfr, tystiolaetha Mr. Maclaren, “Y mae South Australia, a’i cydmaru gyda New South Wales, wedi ei dyfrhau lawer iawn gwell. Ond tecach y sylwa Mr. Dutton, “Mae ein hafonydd am oddeutu pum mis, yn llawn dwfr rhagorol; am y gweddill rhaid ymddiried ar gorbyllau, neu gloddio pydewau.” |
QUALITY OF LAND.The surface is much more level than that of the other colonies. The general character of South Australia is one of undulating plains, and open, scattered forests, with the occasional great stretch of dark, impassable brushwood. One of its Governors, Col. Gawler says that “a third of its surface is superb cornland,” and Mr. Sutton assures us that “here are thousands of acres ready for the plough, without so much as a tree to be uprooted beforehand;” it must be added that the soil is in general fairly thin and light, though it produces from 35 to 40 bushels an acre, without manure. In relation to the water, Mr. Maclaren testifies that South Australia is, in comparison with New South Wales, very much better watered. But more fairly Mr. Dutton notes, “Our rivers are for about five months full of excellent water; for the rest we must rely on springs, or digging wells.” |
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Cwynir hefyd fod y dwfr yn amheraidd i’w yfed. |
It is complained also that the water is unpleasant to drink.18 |
DOSRANIAD TIRAWL.Yr un ydyw a’r trefedigaethau blaenorol, oddigerth y nifer, yr hyn sydd anorphenol etto. |
TERRITORIAL DIVISIONS.The same as in the preceding colonies, except for the number, which is not yet settled. |
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Prif-ddinas— |
Capital— |
ADELAIDE.“Lle i dawel ymneillduo—o boen, Gorwedd ar lan y “Torrens,” oddeutu saith milldir o gulfor St. Vincent. Prin y teilynga y Torrens ei chyfenwi yn afon, onide buasai cyflead y ddinas yn rhagorol. Ceir y Torrens yn ymarllwys ei dyfroedd trychionog am oddeutu tri mis, eithr am y gweddill o’r deuddeg, ni welir ond ambell gorbwll o fewn ei sych-wely anferth. Sylfaenwyd Adelaide yn y flwyddyn 1836. Ymddangosiad yr heolydd, y masnach-dai, a’r adeiladau cyhoeddus, sydd ddymunol hynod. |
ADELAIDE.“To a peaceful place repair, This city lies on the banks of the “Torrens,” about seven miles from the Gulf of St. Vincent. The Torrens scarcely merits the name “river,” or else it would have been a superior location. The Torrens discharges its waters for about three months, but for the other nine months, only the occasional pool can be seen in its unsightly dry bed. Adelaide was founded in 1836. The appearance of the roads, the shops, and the public buildingsis very agreeable. |
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Poblogaeth.—14,000. |
Population.—14,000. |
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Nifer yr anneddau.—2,922. |
Number of dwellings.—2,922. |
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15 The actual quote is: “ … I have no hesitation in asserting that the general character of the country is decidedly superior to any which I have ever seen.” (quoted in C. P. Billot John Batman: The Story of John Batman and the Founding of Melbourne. Hyland House Publishing, Melbourne, 1979). In his journal (quoted in the same source) he described the payment as “blankets, knives, looking-glasses, tomahawks, beads, scissors, flour, etc.” and a promise to provide annual tribute of a similar sort. 16 The winner of the “chair”, the most prestigious award at the Eisteddfod, bestowed on the author of the best poem in the traditional Welsh “strict” metres. 17 In Anglesey, once the largest copper mine in the world. 18 Adelaide residents will attest that some things never change! |