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HINSAWDD.Yr ydym eisoes yn ystod yr “ail bennod,” wedi crybwyll braidd gymaint ag sydd o ddyddordeb, ar y pwngc hwn dybygem. Gallwn yma, sylwi yn ychwanegol, fod trefedigaeth New South Wales, o ran nodweddion hinsoddol, yn gyfartal os nad yn rhagorach, na’r flaenaf o’r trefedigaethau eraill. Nis teimlir “chwerw oerwynt ar dalar,” yn New South Wales, i gynhyrfu ail “Hywel Eryri,” i ddolefain uwch ben ei farwor enhuddedig “ ’Rwy’n dirnad clywed oerni,Ac nid yw’r brwdaniaeth, oddigerth yn y cymmoedd cauedig tumewnol, ac efallai hefyd y siroedd mwyaf gogleddol, mewn un modd yn annioddefol, hyd yn oed i breswylwyr llethrau oerion awelog y Wyddfa. Y diwrnod poethaf ebe’r Parch. Mr. Mackensie “a deimlais mewn deng mlynedd o arosiad, ydoedd yr 16eg o Ionawr, 1837, pan gyfododd y gwres-fesurydd hyd 127 o raddau.” Ardymer (temperature) canolig y mis Calangauaf, sef Gorphenaf, yn ol yr un ysgrifenydd, ydoedd 53° o raddau, a’r poethaf o fisoedd yr haf, sef Ionawr, 75°. Dywedai yn mhellach “cyfarfyddais a Gwyddel yn ddiweddar, yr hwn er’s rhai blynyddau a gyfanedda ogof agored, ynghyffiniau Sydney, a dywedodd wrthyf na fwynhaodd ragorach iechyd erioed, heblaw, ebai, fy mod yn arbed y rhent!” Ni chanfyddir ond anaml hyd yn oed yn nghilfachau y mynyddoedd, y rhew yn fwy ei drwch, na “thew ceiniog fawr.” Cyfyngir y gwlaw braidd yn hollol i chwarter gauafol y flwyddyn, pan (chwedl rhywun) “y gwlawia yn ddialedd,” a braidd yn ddiorphwys. Mewn cysylltiad â’r cyfnewidiadau pwysig hyn, yn y tywydd, ceir tymhestloedd dychrynllyd o fellt a tharanau, ynghyda chenllysg, (weithiau) uwchlaw modfedd o dryfesur. Fe boenydir Sydney a’r amgylchoedd, yn ystod misoedd Hydref a Thachwedd, gan fath o “Sirocco,” neu boethwynt llychlyd, a gyfenwant yn “brickfielder.” Y mae yn dechreu gyda dynesiad mwrllwch amgeuol, a chwythiad awel ysgafn, boeth o’r gogledd. Yn raddol cynnydda’r tywyllwch, ymgryfha’r gwynt;—dyrchafa cymmylau dudew o fânlwch treiddgar tanllyd, nes myned o’r awyr agored yn berffaith annyoddefol. Tua therfyniad yr ail ddiwrnod cyraedd y “Sirocco” ei eithafoedd. Y mae yr awel ogleddol yn awr wedi ymgryfhau yn dymhestl ffrochwyllt, etto mor angerddol frwd, ac anadl ffwrn “Nebuchodonosor,” a’r llwch gwynias, hydreiddiol, fel pelydron goleuni yn enill ffordd drwy bob agen, ac yn orddigon fe dybid, i dagu bytheiadgi tair-blwydd. Oddeutu hwyr y trydydd ddiwrnod, awelon oerion y deheu, a ddodent derfyn ar boenedigaeth y trigolion. Tebygol mai gwynt yn cerdded dros gras-diroedd ffwrneisaidd y berfedd-wlad yw y “Sirocco.” Ei gyfeiriad yn Sydney sydd ogledd-ddwyreiniol. Cyflawnder yw dywedyd na wyddom am unrhyw afiechyd corphorol, a achosir gan yr ymweliad dirboenus, oddigerth y “dolur llygaid” (opthalmia,) yr hwn sydd led gyffredinol ar y cyfryw adegau. Dywed Mr. Earps, mewn perthynas ag iachusrwydd hinsawdd New South Wales, “ni adnabyddir clefyd na chryd yn y wlad hon! Ni fu ond dau farw yn nhref Bathurst, er’s deuddeng mlynedd. Epiliai’r gwragedd yma, flynyddau ar ol yr eiddoch chwi gartref; ac yn y cyffredin y mae y plant yn dalach. Y mae yr hen ŵr yn cael ei ddychwelyd drachefn i flynyddoedd canoloedran, o ran iechyd a theimlad, pan ymfuda i’r Ynys hon.” Ac ebai y Parch. Mr. Mackensie, “Y mae amrai o’n gwladwyr cyfoethocaf ni, yn byw mewn bythod coed, y gallech wthio llaw rhwng eu hagenau, ac etto, heb erioed dderbyn y niwed lleiaf drwy hyny. Yr wyf yn gydnabyddus ag amrai, a ymfudasent yma yn nghrafangau y darfodedigaeth, ac er hyny dydynt fyw ag iachus heddyw.” Diwrnod hwyaf y Cyfandir hwn, yw Rhagfyr yr 22ain, pan gyfyd yr haul am bump y boreu, a machluda am saith y prydnawn. Y diwrnod byraf, yw Gorphenaf yr 21ain; cyfoda yr haul am saith, a machluda am bump. |
CLIMATE.We have already mentioned during the course of the “second chapter,“ almost as much as is of interest on this subject, we should imagine. We can make an additional remark here, that the colony of New South Wales, in regard to its climatic characteristics, is the equal of, if not superior to, the best of the other colonies. No “bitter wind on the headland,” is felt in New South Wales, to stir a second “Hywel Eryri,” to cry out over his covered embers “I feel Snowdonia’s bitter chill,And the heat, outside of the enclosed inland valleys, and perhaps also the most northerly counties, is in no way intolerable, even for residents of the cold and breezy slopes of Snowdon. The hottest day, says the Rev. Mr. Mackensie, “I felt in ten years’ stay, was the 16th of January, 1837, when the thermometer rose to 127 degrees.” The average temperature in the first month of winter, that is July, according to the same writer, was 53°, and in the hottest month of summer, that is January, it was 75°. He says further “I recently met an Irishman, who for some years has been living in an open cave, in the vicinity of Sydney, and he told me had never enjoyed better health, and what’s more, he said, I’m saving the rent!” Even in the mountain recesses, one rarely sees frost thicker than a “thick penny.”14 The rain is confined almost entirely to the winter months, when (as someone said) “it rains with a vengeance,” and almost without cease. In association with these changes in the weather, there are dreadful thunderstorms, as well as hail, (sometimes) above an inch in diameter. During October and November, Sydney and its environs are plagued by a kind of “Sirocco,” or hot, dusty wind, known as the “brickfielder.” It begins with the approach of an enveloping haze, and a hot, light breeze from the north. Gradually the darkness increases, and the wind strengthens;— thick black clouds of burning, penetrating dust rise up, till the open air becomes perfectly unbearable. About the end of the second day the “Sirocco” reaches its extremes. The northerly wind has now strengthened into a furious tempest, as intensely hot as the breath of “Nebuchadnezzar’s” furnace, and the glowing, penetrating dust, like rays of light finding their way through every crack, and more than enough it is supposed to choke a three year old hound. About the evening of the third day, cool southerly breezes bring an end to the torment of the inhabitants. It is probable that this “Sirocco” is a wind that traverses the arid and scorched interior lands. Its direction in Sydney is north-easterly. We should say that we know of no physical illness caused by this excruciating visitation, apart from the “eye disease” (ophthalmia,) which is fairly common at such times. Mr. Earp says, in relation to the healthiness of the climate of New South Wales, “Sickness and fever are unknown in this country! Only two have died in the town of Bathurst, in twelve years. The women here bear children years after yours at home; and in general the children are taller. The old man is returned again to the years of middle age, in regard to health and sensation, when he migrates to this Island.” And the Rev. Mr. Mackensie says, “Many of our wealthiest men live in wooden huts whose cracks you could put your hand through, without ever sustaining the least injury. I am acquainted with several who arrived here in the grip of consumption, and yet are alive and well today. The longest day in this Continent is December the 22nd, when the sun rises at five in the morning, and sets at seven in the evening. The shortest day is July the 21st; the sun rises at seven, and sets at five. |
LLYWODRAETH.Trefedigaeth New South Wales, a lywodraethir gan Raglaw, neu Governor, o ddewisiad y goron, gyda chynorthwy dau dŷ y Senedd drefedigaethol, neu fel ei gelwir yr Ymgynghorfa Weithredol, a Deddfol (Executive and Legislative Councils.) Y deddfau ydynt yr eiddo Prydain, gydag ychydig gyfnewidiadau lleol. Gweinyddir cyfiawnder gan Farnwyr perthynol i “Uchel Lys y Gyfraith” (Supreme Court of Judicature.) Dosparthir yr heddgeidwaid (police,) y rhai sydd luosawg i 32 o ganghenau, dan arolygiad mwy na chynifer o Ustusiaid yr heddwch. |
GOVERNMENT.The colony of New South Wales is governed by a Governor, appointed by the crown, with the assistance of the two houses of the colonial Parliament, or as they are called the Executive and Legislative Councils. The laws are those of Britain, with a few local changes. Justice is administered by Judges belonging to the “Supreme Court of Judicature”. The police, who are numerous, are divided into 32 branches, under the supervision of more than that number of Justices of the peace. |
Y TRETHI.Ydynt, treth yr heddgeidwaid, treth y ffyrdd cyffredin, a threth yr addysg. |
THE TAXES.These are, the police tax, the general roads tax, and the education tax. |
CREFYDD.Er na fodola yr un “Eglwys Sefydledig” neu “grefydd wladol,” yn y drefedigaeth hon, er hyny y mae’r Llywodraeth yn cymhell ei charedigrwydd mewn ffordd o “gynnorthwy,” ar delerau neillduol, i bob enwad yn ddiwahaniaeth: gwrthodir y “cynorthwy” hwn gan y Bedwyddwyr, a’r Cynnulleidfaolwyr (Independents,) y rhai a feddant amryw eglwysi yma, ond derbynir ef gan yr Enwadau canlynol:— |
RELIGION.Although there is no “Established Church” or “national religion” in this colony, the Government extends its kindness in the form of “assistance,” on certain terms, to all denominations without favour: this “assistance” is refused by the Baptists, and the Independents, who have many churches here, but it is accepted by the following Denominations:— |
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Eglwys Loegr.—Y mae ganddi ddau Esgob, a 70 o Eglwysi. Derbyn gynnorthwy Llywodraethol i’r swm o 17,044l. 5s. 2d. |
Church of England.—It has two Bishops, and 70 Churches. It receives Government assistance to the amount of 17,044l. 5s. 2d. |
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Eglwys Rhufain.—Un Arch-esgob, lluaws o Offeiriadau; Eglwysi, 58; Cynnorthwy Llywodraethol, 8,159l. 0s. 9d. |
Church of Rome.—One Archbishop, and a great many Priests; Churches, 58; Government assistance, 8,159l. 0s. 9d. |
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Eglwys Bresbyteraidd Ysgotland.—Eglwysi, 15; Cynnorthwy Llywodraethol, 3,378l. 1s. 1d. |
Presbyterian Church of Scotland.—Churches, 15; Government assistance, 3,378l. 1s. 1d. |
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Methodistiaid Wesleyaidd.—Capelau, 50; Cynnorthwy Llywodraethol, 850l. 0s. 0d. |
Wesleyan Methodists..—Chapels, 50; Government assistance, 850l. 0s. 0d. |
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Rhaid cyfaddef, er hyn i gyd, fod addysg grefyddol y drefedigaeth, yn anmherffaith a diffygiol iawn, os cymharir ef â’r eiddo ein gwlad uchel-freintiawg ni. Tystiolaetha offeiriad Awstralaidd yr “Adnabyddai amrai ardaloedd poblogaidd na cheid capel na pregethwr mewn dau can’ milldir iddynt.” Dywedai hefyd, “na feddai canoedd o fugeiliaid y tiroedd cwrcydol un arwydd o ddyfodiad y dydd Sabbath, oddigerth hyd eu barfau!” Bu dinas Sydney, amser yn ol, yn ddiarhebol am anferthwch ei hannuwioldeb; ond, erbyn heddyw, dan ddylanwadau crefydd, addysg, a digonedd, y mae yn llawn gyfartal o ran moesau, a’r goreuon o ddinasoedd mawrion Lloegr. |
It must be admitted, despite all this, that religious education in the colony is very imperfect and deficient, when compared with that of our own privileged country. An Australian priest testifies that he “knew of several populous districts where neither a chapel nor a preacher could be found within two hundred miles.” He says also, “hundreds of shepherds in the squatting lands gave no sign of the arrival of the Sabbath, other than the length of their beards!” The city of Sydney, at one time, was proverbial for its prodigious ungodliness; but today, under the influences of religion, education, and abundance, it is fully the equal, as regards morals, of the best of the great cities of England. |
MASNACH, &c.Perchenoga y drefedigaeth, yn y flwyddyn 1850, 70 o felinau agerdd, 50 o felinau dwfr, 26 o felinau gwynt, 28 o felinau esgyrn, 95 o dodd-dai gwêr, yn berwi 500,000 o ddefaid, a 50,000 o ddaoedd corniog bob blwyddyn; 5 o ddystylldai, 24 o fragdai, 20 o weithfeydd sebon, a chanwyllau, 15 o weithfeydd tobacco, &c. &c. Y mae 5 o fanciau yn nhref Sydney, a chanddynt 250,000l. o notes mewn cylch-rediad, a 643,300 o aur mewn llaw, heblaw 400,000 o arian cadw (deposits); ni chaniatant lôg. |
COMMERCE, &c.In 1850, the colony possessed 70 steam-mills, 50 water-mills, 26 windmills, 28 bone-mills, 95 tallow melting-houses, boiling down 500,000 sheep, and 50,000 oxen each year; 5 distilleries, 24 malt-houses, 20 soap- and candle-houses, 15 tobacco works, &c. &c. There are 5 banks in the town of Sydney, with 250,000l. of notes in circulation, and 643,300 of cash in hand, besides 400,000 in deposits; they do not pay interest. |
ANIFEILIAID.Ceffylau, 121,159; da corniog, 1,810,218; moch, 58,674; defaid, 12,102,540. |
ANIMALS.Horses, 121,159; cattle, 1,810,218; pigs, 58,674; sheep, 12,102,540. |
LLONGAU.Wedi arrivio, yn y flwyddyn 1851, 898, neu 218,967 o dunnelli. Llongau wedi hwylio, 907, neu 214,056 o dunelli. Gwerth 1,614,241l. Trosglwyddiad gwlan i Loegr, yn yr un flwyddyn, 27,963,530 o bwysau. Gwêr, 154,103 canpwys, gwerth 300,721l.
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SHIPPING.Ships arrived, in 1851, 898, or 218,967 tons. Ships sailed, 907, or 214,056 tons. Value 1,614,241l. Wool exported to England, in the same year, 27,963,530 pounds. Tallow, 154,103 hundredweight, value 300,721l.
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Traethasom mor helaeth o berthynas i’r drefedigaeth flaenorol, fel na chaniatâ ein terfynau, ac yn wir nad yw angenrhaid i ni sylwi ond yn gyffredin a byr ar y gweddill. Gall y darllenydd ddefnyddio y ffeithiau a nodasom eisioes gyda phob priodoldeb tuag at y rhelyw. |
We have discussed as much in relation to the foremost colony as our limits will allow, and indeed there is no need for us to remark in other than a general and concise way on the others. The reader may with all propriety apply the facts already noted to the rest. |
VICTORIA.“Manau llaeth ag Ymenyn—aml i’w gael, Yr oedd y drefedigaeth hon, hyd yn ddiweddar, yn ffurfio un o ddosranau New South Wales, dan yr enw “Ardaloedd Port Phillip.” Y mae yn awr yn anymddibynol. Ymestyn ei harfordir o “Cape Howe,” hyd at ymarllwysiad yr afon Glenelg, sef oddeutu 600 milltir. Ei lled yw 250. Cynhwysiad ei harwyneb 80,000 o filldiroedd ysgwar, neu 51,200,000 o Erwau. |
VICTORIA.“Places of milk and Cream—abounding, Until recently this colony formed one of the divisions of New South Wales, under the name “The Port Phillip District.” It is now independent. Its coast extends from Cape Howe to the mouth of the river Glenelg, that is about 600 miles. It is 250 miles wide. Its surface area is 80,000 square miles, or 51,200,000 Acres. |
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14 The groat, worth fourpence. |