Religions of the Christian World: Part the First

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IV.—Browniaid.

Mae yr enw yma yn tarddu oddi wrth un Robert Brown. Yr oedd yn ddyn dysgedig a Duwiol, ac yn offeiriad yn yr Eglwys Esgobol. Daeth allan mewn modd cyhoeddus i dystiolaethu yn erbyn arferion yr Eglwys yn Norwich, yn y flwyddyn 1580. Ond cafodd ei wrthwynebu yn haerllug gan yr Esgobion. Yn ganlynol i hyn, dywedir iddo ef a’i gynulleidfa ymadael a Lloegr a myned i Sealand, a sefydlasant yn Middleburgh, lle yr addolasant Dduw yn eu ffurf eu hunain. Ond mewn rhai blynyddoedd wedi hyn, cyfododd annghydwelediad yn eu plith hwy eu hunain yno, yr hyn a fu yn achos i yru Brown yn ol i Loegr, yn y flwyddyn 1589. Ac ar ei broffes o edifeirwch, cafodd ei dderbyn yn ol i fynwes ei hen fam; a bu farw mewn carchardŷ, (medd ein hanesydd,) yn y flwyddyn 1630.

IV.—Brownists.

This name comes from one Robert Browne. He was a learned and Godly man, and a priest in the Episcopal Church. He came out publicly against the practises of the Church in Norwich, in the year 1580. But he was violently opposed by the Bishops. As a result of this, it is said that he and his congregation left England and went to Zealand, settling in Middelburg, where they worshiped God in their own way. But a few years after that, a disagreement arose among them there, which drove Browne back to England, in the year 1589. And on his profession of repentance, he was received back into the bosom of his old mother the Church; and he died in prison, (says our historian,) in the year 1630.

Lledaenodd ei egwyddorion a’i ganlynwyr yn fawr yn y Deyrnas Gyfunol. Dywedai Syr Walter Raleigh, mewn araith a draddodwyd ganddo, yn 1592, nad oedd dim llai nag ugain mil o honynt yn Lloegr, ag y gwyddai ef am danynt.

His principles and his followers spread widely in the United Kingdom. Sir Walter Raleigh said, in a speech delivered by him, in 1592, that there were no less than twenty thousand of them in England, that he knew of.

Yr oedd Brown yn dal yr un erthyglau athrawiaethol a’r Eglwysi Esgobol; ond yr achos o’i ymadawiad oedd, ei wahaniaeth barn am ddysgyblaeth a llywodraethiad yr Eglwys. Yr oedd yn ymgeisio am uno yr Eglwyswyr a’r Protestaniaid; am hyny, nid ymunodd ef na’i olynwyr â’r un blaid arall o ddiwygwyr, yn yr oes hono. Yr oedd ei egwyddorion amrywiedig oddi wrth yr eglwys, yn gynwysedig yn yr hyn a ganlyn:

Browne held the same theological doctrines as the Episcopal Churches; but the reason he left was his difference of opinion on the discipline and government of the Church. He sought to unite the Churchmen and the Protestants; because of that, he and his followers did not join with any other party of reformers, in that time. His points of variance from the church consisted in the following:

1. Yr oedd yn condemnio priodas, yn y gweinyddiad o honi yn yr eglwysdŷ, fel ordinâd grefyddol; ond daliai mai ordinâd wladol oedd, ac am hyny y dylasai gael ei gweinyddu gan Ynadon y Gyfraith, (Magistrates of the Law).

1. He condemned the celebration of marriage in the church, as a religious sacrament; holding instead that it was a civil ordinance, and as such should be administered by Magistrates of the Law.

2. Nid oedd yn caniatâu i blant y rhai nad oedd yn aelodau eglwysig i gael eu bedyddio.

2. He did not permit the children of those who were not members of the church to be baptised.

3. Yr oedd yn gwrthod pob math o ffurf-weddïau, ac nad oedd gweddi yr Arglwydd eu hun idd ei harferyd fel gweddi gyffredin, ond mai cynllun gweddi reolaidd oedd. Yr oedd ei drefn eglwysig yn debyg i hyn:

3. He rejected any kind of liturgy, and the use of the Lord’s prayer as a general prayer, holding rather that it was a plan for regular prayer. His church system was like this:

1. Pan y byddai i eglwys gael ei chynull o rai ag y desgrifir eu bod yn gymwys i gael aelodaeth ynddi, eu bod i wneuthur cyffes o’u ffydd, y naill i’r llall, ac idd eu gilydd; ac i arwyddo cyfamod, yn yr hwn yr oeddynt yn ymrwymo i rodio gyda’u gilydd yn rheol yr efengyl.

1. When a church was planned by those described as fit to hold membership in it, they were to make a confession of their faith, one to another, and to each other; and to sign a covenant, in which they bound themselves to walk together in the rule of the gospel.

2. Fod yr awdurdod i dderbyn, dysgyblu, a diarddel yr aelodau, ac i benderfynu pob materion yn gorwedd yn y frawdoliaeth.

2. That the authority to admit, discipline, and expel the members, and to decide all matters, rested with the fellowship.

3. Bod ei swyddogion eglwysig i gael eu dewis o’u plith eu hunain, ac idd eu neillduo a’u cysegru idd eu swyddi trwy ympryd, gweddi, ac arddodiad dwylaw. Ond nid oedd yn caniatâu i’r offeiriad gael un rhan yn y gwaith hwn.

3. That the church officers were to be chosen from amongst themselves, and set apart and consecrated to their offices by fasting, prayer,and the imposition of hands. But the priests were not permitted to take any part in this work.

4. Mai pleidlais fwyafol yr eglwys oedd yn gwneud dyn yn Weinidog, a bod yr un bleidlais yn meddu awdurdod idd ei ddiswyddo a’i osod yn aelod cyffredin fel o’r blaen.

4. That a man was made a Minister by the vote of the majority, and that the same vote had authority to discharge him and make him a general member as before.

5. Nad oedd awdurdod yr eglwys ddim pellach na therfynau y gynulleidfa ymunedig mewn un cyfamod, yn yr un lle; ac o ganlyniad, nad oedd awdurdod y Gweinidog yn ddim helaethach na’r terfynau hyny.

5. That the authority of the church went no farther than the bounds of the congregation united in one covenant, in the same place; and consequently, the authority of the Minister did not extend beyond those bounds.

6. Nad oedd gan Weinidog un eglwys hawl i weinyddu swper yr Arglwydd i eglwys arall, nac i fedyddio plant, ond yr eiddo ei eglwys ei hun.

6. That the Minister of one church had no right to administer the Lord’s supper to another church, nor to baptise children, other than those of his own church.

7. Fod i unrhyw frawd ryddid i roddi gair o gyngor i’r bobl. Ac yr oedd yn arferiad yn eu plith i ofyn gofyniadau y naill i’r llall, ar ol y bregeth, ac i ymresymu ar yr athrawiaeth a wrandawsant trwy draddodiad y bregeth.

7. That any brother was free to advise the people of his opinion. And it was a custom among them for one person to ask questions of another, after the sermon, and to reason with each other about the theology they had heard delivered through the sermon.

8. Yn fyr; fod gan bob eglwys, fel corff ymneillduedig ac ymgyfansoddedig ynddi ei hun, hawl ac awdurdod i wneuthur pob peth perthynol iddi, ynddi ei hun, heb fod yn gyfrifol am hyny i ddosbarth, cymanfa, llŷs, na brawdoliaeth, pa fath bynag.

8. In short, that every church, as a separate and self-constituted body, had the right and the authority to arrange every matter for itself, unaccountable to any other authority, assembly, court, or fellowship, of any kind.

Yn awr, y Browniaid ydynt ganlynwyr ac olynwyr y gwr dysgedig yna; ac a alwyd mewn oesoedd diweddarach yn Annibynwyr. Ac y mae yr enwad hwn yn lluosog iawn yn y dyddiau hyn yn Lloegr, Cymru, yr Alban, ac yn America, &c., ond eu bod gan mwyaf wedi cyfnewid eu henw i Cynulleidfawyr.

Today, the Brownists are the followers and successors of that learned man; and in recent times have been called “Independents.” And this denomination is at the present day very numerous in England, Wales, Scotland, and America, &c., but they have for the most part changed their name to “Congregationalists.”

V.—Yr Esgobaethwyr.

Pleidwyr yr Eglwys Esgobaidd, (neu Eglwys Loegr fel y’i gelwir yn gyffredin,) yw y bobl yma. Y mae yn hòni Dwyfol olyniad yr apostolion, ei harch-esgobion, ei hesgobion, ei offeiriaid, ei diaconiaid, &c., &c. Y maent yn ymddibynu am eu cynaliad, eu parâd, &c., ar y cysylltiad sydd rhyngddi a’r llywodraeth wladol, yn Mhrydain; ond ymddibyna am hyn, ar ewyllys rydd yr aelodau a’r gwrandawyr yn y wlad hon.

V.—The Episcopalians.

These people are the supporters of the Episcopal Church, (or the Church of England as it is commonly known). They claim Divine succession from the apostles for its arch-bishops, bishops, priests, deacons, &c., &c. These depend for their maintenance, sustenance, &c., on the connection between the church and the national government, in Britain; but in this country the church depends for this on the free will of its members and adherents.

Mae ei hegwyddorion athráwiaethol, ymarferol, a dysgyblaethol idd eu gweled yn y Llyfr Gwedd-Cyffredin. Y mae yn cynwys tri deg a naw o erthyglau, a gall neb a fyno eu gweled yno, ei darllen, a barnu drosto ei hun am eu cywirdeb, neu eu annghywirdeb. Mae gweinidogion y blaid hon yn bresenol, luaws o honynt yn cofleidio egwyddorion Pusiaeth, y rhai sydd agos bod yn Babyddiaeth bur.

Its theological, practical, and disciplinary principles are given in the Book of Common Prayer. It contains thirty-nine articles, and any one who wishes can see them there, read them, and judge for himself as to their correctness or incorrectness. There are ministers of this party at present, many of them embracing the principles of Puseyism, which is close to pure Papism.

VI.—Calfiniaid.

Mae y rhai hyn yn cael yr enw oddi wrth Ioan Calfin, o Geneva, am eu bod yn dal allan, ac yn credu yr un egwyddorion ag oedd ef yn gredu, yn amddiffyn, ac yn bregethu i’r byd. Y maent yn cael eu dosbarthu yn yr oes hon i uwch ac îs Galfiniaid. Mae yr uwch Galfiniaeth yn cael ei chyfyngu yn bresenol i’r Trefnyddion Calfinaidd a’r hen ysgol Presbyteraidd. Mae eu daliadau athrawiaethol, ymarferol, a dysgyblaethol, yn ddigon hysbys i bawb; canys y maent wedi cael eu hargraffu a’u cyhoeddi i’r byd mewn llyfr o’r enw “Cyffes Ffydd,” gan y ddau enwad. Is-Galfiniaeth sydd enw wedi cael ei fabwysiadu gan y rhai sydd yn cofleidio Baxteriaeth.

VI.—Calvinists.

These get their name from John Calvin, of Geneva, because they uphold and believe the same principles as he believed, defended, and preached to the world. They are divided in these days into high and low Calvinists. High Calvinism is limited at present to the Calvinist Methodists and the old school Presbyterians. Their theological, practical, and disciplinary tenets are well known to all, since they have been printed and published to the world in a book called the “Confession of Faith,”, by the two denominations. Low Calvinism is a name adopted by those who embrace Baxterianism.

VII.—Ffwleriaid.

Y rhai a gredant, ac a broffesant yr un egwyddorion a gredwyd ac a broffeswyd gan y dysgedig a’r enwog Andrew Fuller, yw y rhai hyn. Y maent yr un yn hollol yn sylwedd eu hegwyddorion, a’r Baxteriaid. Gelwir y cysawd crefyddol hwn yn ‘Haner Morganiaeth.’ Y mae y bobl hyn yn bresenol, gan mwyaf, yn mysg y Cynulleidfawyr, y Bedyddwyr Trochyddawl, a’r Ysgol Newydd Bresbyteraidd.

VII.—Fullerists.

These are those who believe and profess the same principles believed and professed by the learned and famous Andrew Fuller. They are the quite the same in substance and principle as the Baxterians. This religious complex is known as ‘Semi-Pelagianism.’ At present these people are mostly to be found among the Congregationalists, the Immersionist Baptists, and the New School Presbyterians.

VIII.—Arminiaid.

Y maent wedi cael yr enw oddi wrth un o’r enw Iago Arminius, o’r Almaen, yr hwn a anwyd yn y flwyddyn 1560, o O. C.; ond ganwyd ef medd eraill yn Holand. Y mae eu hegwyddorion gwahaniaethol oddi wrth y Calfiniaid fel hyn:

VIII.—Arminians.

They got their name from a man called Jacobus Arminius, a German; who was born in the year 1560 A.D.; though others say he was born in Holland. The principles which distinguish them from the Calvinists are these:

1. Y maent yn dal allan nad yw Duw yn penderfynu cyflyrau dyfodol neb trwy arfaeth ac etholedigaeth ddiamodol.

1. They hold that God does not determine any one’s future state by decree and unconditional election.

2. Mai dan gyfamod Adda yr aeth y Gwaredwr; ac am hyny nad oes yr un cyfamod o râs gan y Personau Dwyfol am achubiaeth dyn, ond y cyfamod a wneir âg ef yn bresenol ar ei ddychweliad.

2. That the Redeemer came under the covenant of Adam; and therefore there is no covenant of grace with the Divine Persons for the salvation of man, but the covenant made with him immediately on his conversion.

3. Fod Crist trwy ei fywyd a’i angau poenus wedi gwneuthur cymod a dyhuddiant dros bechodau yr holl fyd, ac felly wedi prynu pawb nes eu hadferu idd eu sefyllfa gyntefig.

3. That Christ by his life and painful death has made atonement and expiation for the sins of the whole world, and so has redeemed all men for restoration to their original state.

4. Fod pawb yn bresenol, yn eu dyfodiad i’r byd, mewn sefyllfa o brawf fel yr oedd Adda cyn ei gwymp.

4. That everyone alive, at their entry into the world, is in a state of probation as Adam was before his fall.

5. Fod plant bychain ar eu dyfodiad i’r byd yn hollol rydd oddi wrth bob math o lygredigaeth. Y maent yn gwadu y pechod gwreiddiol yn gwbl.

5. That infants on their entry into the world are entirely free from any kind of corruption. They deny original sin altogether.

6. Nad oes y fath beth ag anorchfygol râs yn gweithredu yn achubiaeth dyn; ond y gall ef ei hun wneud hyn os ewyllysia.

6. There is no such thing as irresistible grace operating in the salvation of man; rather he can achieve this for himself if he wishes.

7. Y maent yn gwadu y cyfrifiad o bechod Adda, a’r cyfrifiad o gyfiawnder Crist i ddyn.

7. They reject the imputation of Adam’s sin, and the imputation of the righteousness of Christ, to man.

8. Credant y gall y rhai a unwyd â Christ trwy ffydd fyned yn eiddo Satan drachefn; y gall y rhai a aethant i mewn trwy borth cyfyng yr argyhoeddiad, fyned yn y diwedd i mewn trwy borth pechod ac angau at gwrthgiliad, &c.

8. They believe that those who have been united to Christ can come into Satan’s possession again; that those who have gone in through the strait gate of conviction can in the end pass through the gate of sin and death to backsliding, &c.

Mae y blaid hon wedi tarddu yn wreiddiol o Pelagius. Ac yr oeddynt yn cael eu hadnabod gynt wrth yr enw ‘Semi-Pelagius.’

This party derives originally from Pelagius. And they were known formerly by the name ‘Semi-Pelagians.’

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The content of this page,
and of the entire "Old Welsh Books with English Translations" website
is, save where prior right apply,
Copyright © John Bear.