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SEFYDLIAD NEU WLADYCHIAD Y WLAD.Er i Awstralia Orllewinol gael ei darganfod mor foreu a’r flwyddyn 1527, ni sefydlwyd trefedigaeth ynddi hyd y flwyddyn 1829, pryd y sefydlwyd Sefydliad ar lanau yr Afon Alarch (Swan River). Sylfaenydd cyntaf y lle ydoedd Captain (wedi hyny Sir) James Stirling, ac ymddengys iddo gael ei ddewis yn Is-Raglaw o dan Syr Ralph Darling, Rhaglaw Deheudir Cymru Newydd, yr hwn a dybiai fod Ffraingc yn awyddus i sefydlu y Wlad; ac er mwyn rhagflaenu y Wlad hono, darfu iddo anfon Major Lockyer a mintai o filwyr gyda phrysurdeb mawr i gymeryd meddiant o’r Wlad oddiamgylch King George’s Sound, lle saiff tref Albany yn bresenol. |
SETTLEMENT OR COLONIZATION OF THE COUNTRY.Although Western Australia was discovered as early as 1527, a colony was not established there until 1829, when a Settlement was founded on the banks of the Swan River by Captain (later Sir) James Stirling, and it seems he was appointed Lieutenant-Governor under Sir Ralph Darling, Governor of New South Wales, who thought that France desired to settle the Country; and in order to forestall that Country, he sent Major Lockyer and a troop of soldiers with great haste to take possession of the Country about King George’s Sound, where Albany stands at present. |
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Er i’r milwyr hyn lanio yno yn y flwyddyn 1825, nid ydys yn eu hystyried fel sefydlwyr cyntaf y Wlad, am nad oeddynt yn arosol yno ond am dymor penodol. Tua’r adeg yma y darfu i Captain Stirling archwilio y wlad yn nghymmydogaeth Afon Alarch, er gweled a oedd y lle yn gyfaddas i ymsefydlu yno; ac ar ol hyn anfonwyd ef i Loegr gan Syr R. Darling i wasgu ar y Llywodraeth gymeryd camrau ar unwaith i ffurfio trefedigaeth yn Awstralia Orllewinol, a chymeradwyo y wlad ar hyd glanau yr Afon Alarch fel mangre manteisiol i’r perwyl hwnw. Pan gyrhaeddodd Stirling i Loegr, rhoddodd olwg ddisglaer iawn i Awstralia Orllewinol oherwydd ei fod mor frwdfrydig i sefydlu y wlad â Prydeiniaid. Dechreuwyd canmol y wlad i’r cymylau, a thaenwyd adroddiadau am dani yn mhob, gan ddangos ei manteision a’i rhagoriaethau, sef ffrwythlondeb ei thir, iachusrwydd ei hinsawdd, ac agosrwydd y wlad i India, Deheudir Affrica, a manau ereill, fel ac i fod yn fanteisiol i ddiwallu marchnadoedd y gwledydd cymmydogaethol hyn â chynyrch y lle ac anifeiliaid. Darfu i’r sî a aeth ar led fel hyn am y fath ragolygon disglaer, yn fuan, dynu sylw cyfoethogion a gwyr o uchelradd, fel y tueddwyd llawer o bob dosbarth i benderfynu investio eu harian ar wlad yr addewid newydd hon. |
Although these soldiers landed there in 1825, they are not considered to be the first settlers of the Country, because they remained there only for a certain time. About this time Captain Stirling explored the country in the neighbourhood of the Swan River, to see whether it was a suitable place for settlement; and after that he was sent to England by Sir R. Darling to press the Government to take immediate steps to form a settlement in Western Australia, and to recommend the land along the banks of the Swan River as an advantageous site for that purpose. When Stirling arrived in England, he painted a shining picture of Western Australia, being so eager to populate the country with Britons. The country began to be praised to the heavens, and reports of it spread everywhere, describing its virtues and advantages, such as the fertility of its land, the salubrity of its climate, and its convenient location for supplying the markets of neighbouring countries such as India, South Africa, and others, with its animals and produce. This rumour of such bright prospects soon drew the attention of the wealthy and men of high rank, so that many men of every class were inclined to invest their money in this new promised land. |
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Ffurfiwyd math o gymdeithas ac apeliwyd at y Llywodraeth. Wedi i’r peth fod o flaen y Senedd am beth amser, lle bu dadleu brwdfrydig yn ei gylch, cytunwyd o’r diwedd roddi tiroedd eang yn Holland Newydd, (fel y galwyd Western Australia y pryd hwnw) ar delerau llawer rhy esmwyth i anturwyr, er mwyn sefydlu y wlad o flaen Ffraingc. |
An association was formed and an appeal made to the Government. After the matter had been before the Parliament for some time, where there was fierce debate about it, it was finally agreed to give extensive land in New Holland (as Western Australia was called at that time) on very generous terms to investors, in order to settle the country before France. |
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Ar y 13eg o Ionawr, 1829, cyhoeddodd y Swyddfa Drefedigaethol (Colonial Office) yn Llundain, yr hyn a elwid “The Land Regulations of the Swan River Settlement.” Swm a sylwedd y Regulations hyn oedd fod y tir i gael ei ddosbarthu i’r sefydlwyr yn ol y cyfalaf a ddygent i’r wlad. |
On the 13th of January, 1829, the Colonial Office in London published what were called “The Land Regulations of the Swan River Settlement.” The sum and substance of these Regulations was that the land was to be distributed to the settlers in proportion to the capital they brought to the country. |
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Caf egluro hyn eto yn mhellach yn mlaen. Glaniodd y fintai gyntaf o Sefydlwyr o Loegr yn Awstralia Orllewinol ar y 1af o Mehefin, 1829, ar ol mordaith o bedwar mis ar fwrdd y llong “Parmelia.” Nid oeddynt yn rhifo 69 o eneidiau rhwng gwyr, gwragedd a plant, ac yr oedd yn eu plith y Rhaglaw Stirling a’i deulu a’i Swyddogion, ac ereill. Ymddengys fod rhai o honynt yn Gymry oddiwrth yr enwau John Davies, Thomas Davies, ac ereill. Yr oedd gan y llong hefyd, heblaw y 69 o eneidiau hyn, 33 o geffylau, 51 o wartheg, 200 o ddefaid, a chyflenwad o ffrwythau, planhigion, ac hadau. |
I shall explain more about this further on. The first party of settlers from England landed in Western Australia on the 1st of June, 1829, after a voyage of four months aboard the ship Parmelia. They numbered only 69 souls, men, women and children, and among them were Governor Stirling and his family and Officers, and others. It appears that some of them were Welsh, judging by the names John Davies, Thomas Davies, and others. Besides these 69 souls, the ship also carried 33 horses, 51 cattle, 200 sheep, and a supply of fruit, plants, and seeds. |
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Ychydig cyn glaniad y Sefydlwyr cyntaf hyn yn Australia Orllewinol, yr oedd gwr o’r enw Sir Charles Fremantle wedi cael ei anfon o India gyda rhyfel-long o’r enw Challenger i gymeryd meddiant ffurfiol o’r wlad trwy ddyrchafu y faner Brydeinig ar y llanerch lle saif heddyw y dref borthladdol bwysig Fremantle, a enwyd felly er anrhydedd i Syr Charles. Bu swyddogion y rhyfel-long Challenger am beth amser wedi hyn yn archwilio yr arfordir a’r wlad oddiamgylch, ac yn mhen mis neu ddau wedi glanio y sefydlwyr cyntaf, cyrhaeddodd llong arall i’r lle gyda chant ychwanegol o bobl i ymsefydlu yn y lle, ac o’r pryd hwnw hyd ddiwedd y flwyddyn 1830, glaniodd mintai ar ol mintai nes rhifai nifer trigolion y drefedigaeth oddeutu 2000, gyda chyfalaf (capital) o £144,177. |
Shortly before these first Settlers landed in Western Australia, a man called Sir Charles Fremantle had been sent from India with the warship Challenger to take formal possession of the country by hoisting the British flag on the spot where the important port of Fremantle stands today, being so named in honour of Sir Charles. The officers of the Challenger spent some time exploring the coast and the land about, and in a month or two after the landing of the first settlers, another ship arrived with an additional hundred settlers, and from then until the end of the year 1830, party after party of settlers landed till the number of residents of the colony numbered about 2000, with capital amounting to £144,177. |
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Nid oes amheuaeth nad oedd sefydlwyr cyntaf Awstralia Orllewinol yn ddosbarth llawer mwy parchus ac uwchraddol mewn ystyr gymdeithasol a moesol na sefydlwyr cyntaf rhanau ereill o Awstralia. Fel mae’n hysbys i bawb, drwg-weithredwyr wedi eu halltudio o Brydain oedd sefydlwyr cyntaf Deheudir Cymru Newydd; ond am sefydlwyr Awstralia Orllewinol, yr oeddynt foneddigion o safle da, yn berthynasau, a rhai yn feibion i fawrion Lloegr, ond yr oeddynt yn ddosbarth hollol anaddas i sefydlu gwlad newydd lle yr oedd yn ofynol dioddef llawer o anghysur, a gwynebu anhawsterau ac anfanteision mawrion. Yr oedd y boneddigion anffortunus hyn wedi cymeryd eu harwain, neu yn hytrach eu camarwain gan yr hanesion disglaer oeddynt wedi glywed am y wlad bell, a chan haelfrydigrwydd Llywodraeth Prydain Fawr yn cynyg iddynt y fath etifeddiaethau eang am sefydlu trefedigaeth newydd. Yn anffodus, pan ddarfu iddynt agoryd eu llygaid ar wlad yr addewid, teimlent ei bod yn mhell o lyfeirio o laeth a mêl; ac wele y castellydd yn yr awyr y buwyd yn eu hadeiladu yn ystod y fordaith yn diflanu mewn mwg, a siomedigaethau fyrdd yn dyfod ar eu gwaethaf. Digon digalon, yn enwedig i rai oedd wedi cael byd da helaethwych beunydd mewn palasau yn Lloegr, ydoedd glanio yn nyfnder gauaf mewn gwlad bellenig, anial ac unig, heb gymaint a bwthyn i’w cysgodi rhag yr oerni a’r gwlaw. Yr oedd hyd yn nod gwragedd a phlant yn gorfod rhoddi i fyny â’r fath sefyllfa druenus pethau am gryn amser, ac nid oes amheuaeth nad y Llywodraeth yn Llundain oedd i’w beio am hyny, trwy roddi cyfarwyddiadau annoeth i’r Tirfesurydd Cyffredinol i ddosbarthu y wlad yn siroedd, ardaloedd, &c., cyn rhanu eu tiroedd i’r bobl fel y gallent adeiladu tai. Darfu i hyn beri llawer o anhwylustod a cholli amser a mawr anfoddlonrwydd; ac o’r diwedd, wedi derbyn eu hetifeddiaethau, nid oedd fawr lwyddiant yn dilyn pethau. Nid ar unwaith y daethant i ddeall y wlad a’i thymhorau, ac yr oedd eu ffydd mor brin yn ffrwythlondeb y tir, oherwydd ei natur sandiog, fel y teimlent yn rhy ddigalon i’w drin. Yr oedd eu harian yn diflanu yn gyflym yn nghynaliad eu hunain a’u teuluoedd, ac o radd i radd yr oedd y bwyd yn prinhau trwy fod yr anifeiliaid yn myned ar goll yn yr anialwch neu drengu wrth fwyta porfa gwenwynllyd. |
There is no doubt that the first settlers in Western Australia were of a class much more respectable and superior in a social and moral sense than the first settlers of other parts of Australia. As everyone knows, the first settlers of New South Wales were criminals transported from Britain; but as for the settlers of Western Australia, they were gentlemen of good position, relatives, and some sons, of England’s great, but they were a class quite unsuited to settling a new country where it would be necessary to endure much discomfort, and to face great hardships and disadvantages. These unfortunate gentlemen had been guided, or rather misguided, by the rosy accounts they had heard of the distant country, and by the generosity of the Government of Great Britain in offering them such extensive properties for the sake of establishing a new colony. Unhappily, when they opened their eyes on the promised land, they felt it was far from flowing with milk and honey; and immediately the castles in the air built on the voyage vanished in smoke, and a host of bitter disappointments were to follow. It was quite disheartening, especially for those who had led lives of luxury in the mansions of England, to land in the depth of winter in a remote, barren, desolate land, without so much as a hut to protect them from the cold and rain. Even women and children had to do without for a considerable time in such a wretched situation, and there is no doubt that the Government in London was to blame for that, by giving unwise instructions to the Surveyor-General to divide the country into counties, districts, &c., before distributing land to the people to build houses on. This produced much inconvenience, lost time and great discontent; and in the end, after the land was distributed, no great success ensued. They did not at once come to understand the country and its seasons, and their faith in the fertility of the land was so small, because of its sandy nature, that they felt too discouraged to till it. Their money was fast disappearing in the upkeep of themselves and their families, and by degrees food was getting scarce with the animals getting lost in the wilderness or perishing from poisonous pasturage. |
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Y canlyniad fu, i lawer o’r sefydlwyr deimlo yn siomedig i’r eithaf, a dychwelyd i Loegr neu i New South Wales mewn nwydau drwg, gan roddi golwg dywyll iawn ar Awstralia Orllewinol ba le bynag yr aethent, yr hyn a fu yn foddion i greu rhagfarn yn erbyn y wlad trwy y byd bron, ac nid ydyw y rhagfarn hwnw wedi llwyr ddarfod hyd y dydd heddyw. Ond y mae pawb o’r farn na fu dim yn fwy o rwystr i’r wlad lwyddo, ac i roddi i’r sefydliad gychwyniad dilewyrch, na gwaith y Llywodraeth yn rhoddi ymaith ar delerau mor esmwyth y tiroedd goreu yn y wlad i anturwyr (speculators) perffaith. |
As a result many of the settlers felt so badly disappointed that they returned to England or New South Wales in disgust, giving a very poor account of Western Australia wherever they went, which served to create a prejudice against the country almost throughout the world, and that prejudice has not entirely faded to this day. But everyone is of the opinion that there was no greater obstacle to the country’s success, and to giving the settlement a bright start, than the act of the Government in giving away on such easy terms the best land in the country to outright speculators. |
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Yn wir, pan yr ydym yn edrych yn ol dros hanes boreuol Awstralia y Gorllewin, nid ydym mewn un modd yn cael ein tueddu i edmygu policy Downing Street yn y dyddiau hyny. |
Indeed, when we look back over the early history of Western Australia, we are in no way inclined to approve of the policy of Downing Street in those days. |
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Yr ydwyf eisioes wedi cyfeirio at y Deddfau tir a gyhoeddwyd gan y Swyddfa Drefedigaethol yn Llundain cyn ymadawiad y fintai gyntaf o ymfudwyr i’r mordaith, y rhai a ddarparent fod tir yn cael ei roddi i bob un yn ol y cyfalaf a ddygai i’r sefydliad ar y raddfa o erw ar gyfer bob 1/6. Mewn geiriau ereill, yr oedd pob dyn i gael tir yn ol pwysau eu boced, ac nid yn ol ei gymwysder i fod yn bioneer gwlad newydd. Nid gwerthu y tir am 1/6 yr erw oedd y Llywodraeth o gwbl, ond rhoddi am ddim erw o dir ar gyfer pob 1/6 o gyfalaf mewn arian neu mewn eiddo a ddygai anturwyr i’r wlad. Yn awr, yn ol y drefn hon, yr oedd gwr a laniai yn y wlad o fewn y 18 mis cyntaf o Sylfaeniad y Drefedigaeth, gyda chyfalaf o £1000 yn hawlio 15,000 o erwau o dir am ddim i bob pwrpas ymarferol; o fewn dwy neu dair blynedd yr oedd dros 1,000,000 o erwau wedi cael eu rhoddi ymaith gan y Llywodraeth yn y modd hwn. Derbyniodd un Mr. Peel 250,000 o erwau, Col. Latour 113,000, a Syr James Stirling 100,000. Ymddengys fod Syr James wedi cytuno â’r Llywodraeth i dderbyn tir yn lle arian fel ei gyflog fel Rhaglaw, ond bu y Llywodraeth yn ddigon caredig i roddi iddo ei gyflog a’r tir, “Hael yw Hywel ar bwrs y wlad.” |
I have already referred to the land Laws published by the Colonial Office in London before the departure of the first party of emigrants, which provided that land be given to everyone according to the capital they brought to the settlement at the rate of an acre for every 1/6. In other words, each man was to get land in proportion to the weight of his pocket, and not to his suitability as a pioneer in a new country. It was not a case of the Government selling the land at 1/6, but giving away an acre of land for every 1/6 of capital in money or property the speculator brought to the country. Now according to this scheme, a man who landed in the country within the first 18 months of the Settlement of the Colony, with capital of £1000 claimed 15,000 acres of land for free for all practical purposes; within two or three years over 1,000,000 acres was given away by the Government in this way. One Mr. Peel received 250,000 acres, Col. Latour 113,000, and Sir James Stirling 100,000. It seems that Sir James had agreed with the Government to accept land in lieu of money as remuneration for his Governorship, but the Government was kind enough to give him his salary and the land; Hael yw Hywel ar bwrs y wlad [proverb, “Hywel is generous on the public purse”]. |
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Y canlyniad o hyn fu, pan ddaeth dynion gweithgar a llawn o yni—dosbarth hanfodol angenrheidiol i hyrwyddo dadblygiad gwlad newydd—allan i’r drefedigaeth ar ol hyn, a chael fod y tiroedd yn y parthau goreu a mwyaf cyfleus o fewn cyrhaedd y porthladdodd, wedi cael eu cymeryd i fynu gan speculators, troisant eu cefnau ar y wlad ar unwaith gan fyned ymaith i ymsefydlu mewn trefedigaethau ereill, ac felly darfu i ddeddfau Tir y Swyddfa Trefedigaethol brofi yn farwol i lwyddiant y wlad am lawer o flynyddoedd. Hyd yn nod y rhai hyny a dderbyniasant diroedd eang, ni dderbyniasant ddim budd oddiwrtho, oherwydd fod cynydd y lle mor araf. Darfu i lawer o honynt ddigaloni cymaint fel y gwerthasant eu hanifeiliaid a myned ymaith, ond cadwasant feddiant o’r tir gan obeithio y byddai iddo gynyddu mewn gwerth rhyw ddydd i ddyfod wedi i’r wlad gael mwy o’i dadblygu. Ond yr oedd ereill o ysbryd mwy gwrol, a phenderfynasant aros yn y wlad trwy’r tew a’r teneu, ac i wneyd pobpeth oedd yn eu gallu i wneyd y lle yn llwyddiant, yr hyn sydd brawf fod nifer mawr o’r sefydlwyr cyntaf yn amddifad o’r cymhwysderau hyny ag sydd yn angenrheidiol i sefydlu gwlad newydd, eto mae yn amlwg nad oeddynt oll felly, oblegid yr oedd yn eu plith nifer luosog o bobl llawn o yni a dyfalbarhad, dynion ag oeddynt wedi cymeryd i ystyriaeth yn mlaen llaw yr anfanteision a’r anhawsderau oedd ganddynt i ymladd a hwynt; a dywedir am eu gwragedd, llawer o ba rai oeddynt wedi eu geni o deuluoedd urddasol, iddynt ddwyn yr holl galedi mewn modd teilwng a dyfalbarhad dirwgnach, a hyny heb golli dim o foneddigeiddrwydd eu dygiad i fyny. |
The result of this was, when industrious, energetic men—an essentially necessary class to promote the development of a new country—came out to the colony, and found the land in the best and most advantageous parts within reach of the ports were taken up by speculators, they turned their backs on the country at once and went to settle in other colonies, and so the Land laws of the Colonial Office proved fatal to the success of the country for many years. Even those who received extensive land got no profit from it, the growth of the place being so slow. Many of them were so disappointed that they sold their animals and left, but kept ownership of the land hoping it would one day increase in value after the country was more developed. But others were of a hardier spirit, and resolved to stay in the country through thick and thin, and to do everything in their power to make the place a success, which is proof that a great number of the first settlers were devoid of those capacities necessary for settling a new country; still it is evident that this was not true of all of them, because among them were many energetic and assiduous people, men who had taken into consideration beforehand the disadvantages and difficulties they had to contend with; and it is said of their wives, many of whom were the daughters of honourable families, that they accepted all the hardship in a commendably steadfast and uncomplaining fashion, losing none of the dignity of their upbringing. |
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Pan y cymerwn i ystyriaeth fod cynifer wedi gadael y diriogaeth gyda’r fath siomedigaeth, ac ereill ar eu taith o’r Hen Wlad yn myned heibio i’r fangre gyda dirmyg i ymsefydlu yn rhanau ereill o’r byd, gan edrych ar y lle fel diffaethwch gwrthodedig, y mae parch mawr yn ddyledus i goffadwriaeth y rhai hyny a benderfynasant ymlynu yn mlaen â dyfalbarhad i osod i lawr sylfaen Talaeth Awstralia Orllewinol o dan y fath amgylchiadau cyfyng, a dichon ryw ddydd a ddaw yn y dyfodol pell, y bydd i ryw Virgil ganu eu clod. |
When one takes into consideration that so many had left the territory with such disappointment, and others on their voyage from the Old Country had gone past the place with disdain to settle in other parts of the world, looking on the place as a desolate wasteland, great respect is owed to the memory of those who resolved to persevere to lay the foundations of the State of Western Australia in straitened circumstances, and perhaps on some day to come in the distant future, another Virgil will sing their praises. |
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Y mae y rhan fwyaf o’n hiliogaeth y dydd heddyw yn byw mewn amgylchiadau cysurus, yn medi o ffrwyth llafur eu tadau; ac yr oedd y diweddar Mr. George Leake, Prif-Weinidog y Dalaeth, a fu farw ychydig fisoedd yn ol, yn wyr i un o’r sefydlwyr cyntaf. |
The majority of our race today lives in comfortable circumstances, harvesting the fruit of their fathers’ labour; and the late Mr. George Leake, Premier of the State, who died a few months ago, was the grandson of one of the first settlers. |
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Yn ystod y deng mlynedd cyntaf, yr oedd cynydd y wlad yn bur fychan, a poblogaeth yn bur wasgaredig, trwy fod y lle yn cael ei ystyried yn llawer mwy addas i gadw anifeiliaid nag i godi cynyrch. Yr oedd sefydliadau bychain mewn ardaloedd a elwid Albany, Port Augusta, York, ac un neu ddau o leoedd ereill pell oddiwrth eu gilydd, ond yr oedd y mwyafrif yn byw yn ardaloedd yr Afon Alarch, ac ar lanau yr afon hon y safai prif dref y wlad, sef Perth, eisteddle y Llywodraeth, ac yn ngenau yr un afon, ar lan y mor 12 milldir o Perth, y safai tref arall o’r enw Fremantle. Poblogaeth y wlad yn y flwyddyn 1830 ydoedd 1769, ac yn y flwyddyn 1834 nid oedd ond oddeutu 1800, dim ond 30 o eneidiau o gynydd mewn pedair blynedd o amser. Amcan-gyfrif gwerth y tai a’r tiroedd ac anifeiliaid yn y flwyddyn hon oedd £219,739, a gadael allan sefydliadau bychain Albany a Augusta. Nifer y gwartheg oedd 540, ceffylau 166, a defaid 4,145. Cyllid y wlad yn ystod yr un flwyddyn (1834) ydoedd £26,379, ond o’r swm hwn yr oedd y Llywodraeth yn Lloegr wedi cyfranu £18,940, fel nad oedd cyllid gwirioneddol y drefedigaeth ei hun ond bychan iawn, prawf eglur o sefyllfa dlawd pethau yn y lle y dyddiau hyny. Treuliau y wlad oedd £25,413. Anfonwyd ychydig o wlan i Brydain y flwyddyn hon, a dyma y flwyddyn gyntaf i wlan gael ei allforio o Awstralia Orllewinol, a dwy flynedd yn ddiweddarach dechreuwyd allforia ychydig goed. |
During the first ten years, the country grew very little, and its population was very scattered, because it was considered a much better place for keeping animals than for raising crops. There were small settlements in areas called Albany, Port Augusta, York, and one or two other places distant from each other, but the majority lived in the districts around the Swan River, on the banks of which stood the country’s principal town, Perth, the seat of Government, and at the mouth of that river, on the coast 12 miles from Perth, stood another town called Fremantle. The population of the country in 1830 was 1,769, and in 1834 it was only about 1800, an increase of only 30 souls in four years. The estimated value of the houses, land and animals in that year was £219,739, excluding the small settlements of Albany and Augusta. Cattle numbered 540, horses 166, and sheep 4,145. The country’s revenue for the same year (1834) was £26,379, but of this sum the Government in England had contributed £18,940, so that the actual revenue of the colony itself was very small, clear proof of the poor state of affairs in the country in those days. The expenditure of the country was £25,413. A little wool was sent to Britain that year, the first year that wool was exported from Western Australia, and two years later some timber began to be exported. |
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Ymddengys nad oedd Cadben Stirling ar y dechreu ond Is-Raglaw o dan Raglaw Deheudir Cymru Newydd, ond meddai awdurdod eang, ac yn ystod ei absenoldeb a’i ymweliad â Lloegr, derbyniodd yr urdd farchog a phenodwyd ef i fod yn gyflawn Raglaw Cadflaenor, ac Is-lyngesydd. Yr oedd ganddo hefyd Gynghor Gweinyddol i’w gynorthwyo. Darfu iddo hefyd apwyntio ynad Trigianol yn Albany a manau ereill, ac yr oedd gan yr Ynadon hyn gryn lawer o ddylanwad ac awdurdod yn y cymydogaethau lle y trigent. Tua diwedd y flwyddyn 1838, ymddiswyddodd Syr James Stirling o fod yn Raglaw er mwyn ail-ymuno â Llynges Prydain Fawr, ac enwogodd ei hun wedi hyn fel morfilwr. |
It seems that Captain Stirling was at first only Lieutenant-Governor under the Governor of New South Wales, but he held broad authority, and during his absence while visiting England, he received a knighthood and was appointed full Governor and Commander-in-chief, and Vice-Admiral. He also had a Ministerial Council to assist him, and he appointed Resident magistrates in Albany and other places, and these Magistrates had very considerable influence and authority in the localities where they resided. About the year 1838, Sir James Stirling resigned as Governor in order to rejoin the British Navy, and afterwards distinguished himself as a marine. |
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Yn ystod y blynyddoedd 1838-1839, darfu i’r Isgadben Grey, (ar ol hyn yr enwog Syr George Grey, tad New Zealand), wneyd dwy daith i archwilio y wlad, a daeth ar draws tiroedd ffrwythlawn yn y rhanau gogleddol o honi, ond methodd a threiddio mor bell ag yr ewyllysiai oherwydd fod y brodorion yn bur anwaraidd yn y parthau hyny, a chafodd ei glwyfo yn enbyd ganddynt; ond dangosodd wroldeb mawr yn ngwyneb llawer o galedi a pheryglon. Ymddengys iddo fyned allan fel archwiliwr o dan nawdd Gymdeithas Ddaearyddol Frenhinol, ac i’r Llywodraeth gefnogi y peth ar sail y dybiaeth a goleddid gan Dampier a Cadben King o fodolaeth morgaingc gul o fôr yn ymestyn yn mhell i fewn i’r tir yn y parthau hyny, a allasai brofi yn dramwyfa i ranau mewnol Awstralia. Gelwir afon y darfu iddo ei olrhain yn De Grey River hyd y dydd heddyw. |
During the years 1838-1839, Lieutenant Grey, (later the famous Sir George Grey, father of New Zealand), made two expeditions to explore the country, and came across fertile land in the northern parts, but failed to penetrate as far as he intended because the natives were quite savage in those parts, and he was grievously wounded by them; but he displayed his great heroism in the face of great hardship and danger. It seems he went out as an explorer under the auspices of the Royal Geological Society, and the Government supported the venture on the basis of the supposition fostered by Dampier and Captain King of the existence of a narrow strait extending far into the land in those parts, which could prove to be a passage into the interior regions of Australia. The river whose course he traced is called the De Grey to this day. |
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Yn ystod ei ail daith darfu iddo archwilio y wlad oddiamgylch Morgainc y Morgi (Shark’s Bay) ac olrhain yr arfordir i lawr i’r de, ond yn fuan gorfu iddo ef a’i ddynion adael eu llong oherwydd ei bod yn gollwng dwfr, a glanio ar draeth annymunol heb ddim ymborth trwy fod y cwbl wedi cael eu hysgubo ymaith gan yr ystorm. Yr oedd 600 o filldiroedd rhyngddynt a’r sefydliad agosaf o fobl wynion, ond wedi llawer o galedi a newyn, chyrhaeddasant o’r diwedd i dref Perth a’r olwg mwyaf truenus arnynt. |
On his second expedition he explored the land about Shark’s Bay and traced the coast down to the south, but soon he and his men were forced to leave their ship which was letting in water, landing on an unattractive beach with no food, all having been swept away by the storm. There were 600 miles between them and the nearest settlement of white people, but after much hardship and hunger, they finally reached Perth in the most wretched state. |
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Pan gyrhaeddodd Grey i Perth darfu i’r Rhaglaw newydd, Mr. John Hutt, ei benodi i’r swydd o Ynad Trigianol yn Albany, yr hon swydd a lanwodd gan roddi boddlonrwydd cyffredinol yn ystod ei arosiad byr yn Awstralia Orllewinol, a dangosodd gryn ddoethineb tra yn ymwneyd â’r brodorion duon trwy roddi “gwaith ag oedd yn gydnaws â natur neu â galluoedd y rhai a gyflogid, ac wedi eu cyrhaeddyd cyfranu iddynt wobr ddigonol am waith a gwblheid mewn modd neillduol a buan, ac i ddal allan y rhagolwg o wobrwy ychwanegol yn y dyfodol fel canlyniad i barhad mewn diwydrwydd ac ymddygiad dda.” |
When Grey arrived in Perth the new Governor, Mr. John Hutt, appointed him to the office of Resident Magistrate in Albany, which office he filled to general satisfaction during his short stay in Western Australia. He showed considerable wisdom in his dealings with the black natives, giving them “work which was consistent with the nature or powers of those employed, and has managed to apportion to them ample recompense for work completed in a proper and timely fashion, and to hold out the prospect of additional reward in the future as a consequence of continuing in industriousness and good behaviour.” |
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Darfu i Mr. John Hutt, yr hwn a ddilynodd Syr James Stirling fel Rhaglaw, gyrhaedd y wlad tua dechreu Ionawr 1839, ac oddiwrth y cynydd a wnaeth y drefedigaeth o dan ei weinyddiaeth, ymddengys ei fod y dyn iawn yn y lle iawn, ac yn ystod y saith mlynedd y bu efe yn lywodraethu y wlad darfu i’r boblogaeth mwy na dyblu. |
Mr. John Hutt, who followed Sir James Stirling as Governor, arrived in the country about the beginning of January 1839, and judging by the progress made by the colony under his administration, it seems he was the right man in the right place, and in the seven years he governed the country the population more than doubled. |
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Cyn dyfodiad Mr. Hutt nid oedd y boblogaeth wedi cynyddu ond y peth nesaf i ddim er y flwyddyn 1830 ar yr hyn bryd ni fyddai yn hollol deg i feio Syr James Stirling am hyn, trwy iddo ymdrechu a’i holl egni i hyrwyddo cynydd y wlad dan amgylchiadau cyfyng iawn, a phan oedd y byd oddiallan, os nad y sefydlwyr eu hunain, yn edrych ar y Drefedigaeth fel gwlad wedi hollol fethu, eto rhaid addef fod y gwr dan sylw wedi profi ei hun yn llawer mwy llwyddianus fel swyddog milwrol ar y môr nac fel sylfaenwr gwlad newydd. |
Before the arrival of Mr. Hutt the population had increased by next to nothing since 1830, but at the same time it would not be entirely fair to blame Sir James Stirling for that, since he had tried with all his might to advance the country’s progress under very straitened circumstances, and when the outside world, if not the settlers themselves, looked on the Colony as a wholly failed country; still it must be admitted that the man under consideration had proved himself much more successful as a naval officer than as the founder of a new country. |