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Y mae y wlad wedi ei rhanu yn naw ar hugain o ardaloedd i’r perwyl o godi trethi i gynnal heddwysion, adgyweirio ffyrdd, cyfranu addysg, &c. |
The country is divided into twenty-nine districts for the purposes of raising taxes to support police, repair roads, impart education, &c. |
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Y mae y drefedigaeth wedi ei gosod dan raglawiaeth llywodraethwr cyffredinol Awstralia, a dau dŷ o gynghor, un âg awdurdod i wneyd cyfreithiau trefedigaethol, a’r llall i’w gosod mewn grym. Dewisir y rhan fwyaf o’r cynghor gwladol gan y trefedigion: y gweddill o hono a benodir gan y goron. Y mae cyfraith gyffredin Lloegr mewn grym drwy yr holl drefedigaeth, a chymaint o weithredoedd seneddol ymherodrol ag a wneir o bryd i bryd (ynghyd â llawer o ddeddfau trefedigaethol) i gyfarfod dybenion cyfiawnder yn y dalaeth; ac y mae gan yr Uchel Lŷs gyffelyb awdurdod ag a feddir gan brif lysoedd barn Lloegr. Y mae yma hefyd ddeuddeg ar hugain o feinciau ynadol i ustusiaid cyflogedig a didâl. |
The colony has been placed under the viceroyship of the governor general of Australia, and two houses of assembly, one with authority to make colonial laws, and the other to put them into effect. The greater part of the legislative council is elected by the settlers: the rest of it is appointed by the crown. English common law is in force throughout the colony, and as many imperial acts of parliament as are made from time to time (as well as many colonial laws) to meet the needs of justice in the country; and the High Court has similar authority to the chief courts of England. There are also thirty-two magisterial benches for judges paid and unpaid. |
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Y mae cyllid y drefedigaeth yn bur fawr. Y llynedd, cyrhaeddodd y swm o bedwar cant a phump o filoedd a pum cant a deunaw a phedwar ugain o bunnau. Bydd yn fwy o lawer eleni. Y mae y cyllid cyffredinol yn tarddu oddiwrth dolliad gwirodydd, myglys, trwyddedau, llythyr-doll, porthladd-doll, &c.; cyllid y goron oddiwrth werthiad tiroedd, ardrethi, trwyddedau a ganiatëir i “yswatwyr,” cymynwyr coed, chwarelwyr, cloddwyr aur, &c., ynghyd â throsglwyddiad a gosgorddiad aur. Fel hyn y mae y llywodraeth yn atebol am ddïogeliad yr aur ar y ffordd o’r cloddfëydd i “dre.” Y mae “y cerbyd aur” yn rhedeg ddwywaith yn yr wythnos rhwng Bathurst a Sydney, o dan wyliedyddiaeth saith o wŷr arfog a chadben. |
The colony’s revenue is very large. Last year, it reached the sum of four hundred and five thousand, five hundred and and ninety-eight pounds. It will be much more this year. The general revenue comes from duties on spirits, tobacco, licences, postage, harbour-dues, &c.; crown revenue from the sale of land, rates, licences granted to “squatters,” wood-cutters, quarriers, gold miners, &c., as well as gold transportation and escorts. The government is responsible for the security of gold on the road from the mines to “town.” “The gold cart” runs twice a week between Bathurst and Sydney, under the guard of seven armed men and a captain. |
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Y trosglwyddiadau allan o’r drefedigaeth a gyfansoddir yn benaf o wlan, gwer, yd, cigau, crwyn, lledr, coed, rhisgl, cyrn, aur, esgyrn morfilod, olew, gwin, llwch esgyrn, myglys, copr, sebon, &c.1 Y trosglwyddiadau i mewn o Brydain, America, a Ffrainc, a wneir i fyny, gan mwyaf, o wëoedd, haiarn a dur, haiarn gweithiedig, priddlestri, gwydrau, arfau, celfi mettelaidd, cottwm, llyfrau a phapyr, offer-cerdd, gwinoedd,2 gwirodydd, cwrw a bîr, dilladau, sidanau,3 hosanwe, halen, dillad gwelyau, lliain-hwyliau, hetiau, capiau, cyfferi meddygol, &c. Tê a ddygir yn syth o China, a sugr o Ynys Ffrainc. |
Exports from the colony comprise chiefly wool, tallow, corn, meats, skins, leather, wood, tanbark, horns, gold, whale bones, oil, wine, bone-meal, tobacco, copper, soap, &c.1 Imports from Britain, America, and France, are made up, for the most part, of textiles, iron and steel, wrought iron, earthenware, glasses, weapons, metal tools, cotton, books and paper, musical implements, wines,2 spirits, ale and beer, clothes, silks,3 stockings, salt, bedclothes, sailcloth, hats, caps, medicines, &c. Tea is brought directly from China, and sugar from the Île de France.ix |
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Dylem ddweyd gair am foesau y trefedigion, a chyflwr cymdeithas. Er bod gormod o lawer o yfed ac annhrefn moesol yn Sydney, nid yw fawr waeth na’r rhan fwyaf o drefydd porthladdol Lloegr. Y mae moesau wedi gwellâu yn fawr er pan ddyddymwyd alltudiaeth i’r drefedigaeth. Y mae y terfysgoedd yn yr heolydd yn llawer llai yma nag yn Lloegr. Yn wir, gellir cyfrif y dinasyddion yn bobl foesol a rhinweddol, pan ystyriom “geudod y ffos o ba un y cloddiwyd” y rhan fwyaf o honynt. |
We should say a word about the morals of the inhabitants, and the condition of society. Although there is too much drinking and moral disorder in Sydney, it is not much worse than most of the port towns of England. Morals have improved greatly since transportation to the colony was discontinued. Brawls in the streets are much less common here than in England. Indeed, the citizens can be reckoned a moral and virtuous people, when we consider the depths from which the majority of them were dug. |
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Rhenir y drefedigaeth hefyd yn chwech a deugain o siroedd; sef, |
The colony is also divided into forty-six counties; namely, |
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D.S.…Y mae yr holl fân-leoedd wedi eu hargraffu mewn llythyrenau italaidd. |
N.B.…All the small places are printed in italic letters. |
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“Y siroedd sefydledig” (hyny yw, wedi eu poblogi i ryw radd gan sefydlwyr) ydynt y rhai canlynol, gyda’u maintioli, a nifer y boblogaeth:— |
The following are “the settled counties” (that is, populated to some degree by settlers), with their sizes, and populations:— |
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Oddiwrth y tafleni uchod, cenfydd y darllenydd craff amryw ffeithiau pwysig; megys, mai ychydig iawn o drefydd (gwerth yr enw) sydd yn holl Ddeheubarth Cymru Newydd: nid yw y rhan fwyaf o’r lleoedd a nodwyd yn y daflen gyntaf ond pentrefi, y naill yn dipyn mwy pwysig na’r llall, fe allai, ac nid ychydig yn cael eu dysgwyl i chwyddo i bwysigrwydd trefydd mawrion cyn bo hir. Yn yr ail le, tarewir ef â syndod wrth weled corff y boblogaeth wedi ymwasgu i siroedd Cumberland a Northumberland. Y mae poblogrwydd cymhariaethol Northumberland i’w briodoli, yn benaf, i’r gweithydd glo yn nghymydogaeth Newcastle. Ond Cumberland, y swydd brifddinasol, yw canolbwynt mawr poblogaeth Awstralia Ddwyreiniol. |
From the above tables, the perceptive reader will discern several important facts; such as, that there are very few towns (worth the name) in all of New South Wales: the majority of the places noted in the first table are no more than villages, one a little more important than another, perhaps, and not a few expected to blossom into the importance of great towns before long. Secondly, he will be surprised at seeing the bulk of the population squeezed into the counties of Cumberland and Northumberland. The comparative populousness of Northumberland is to be attributed, principally, to the coal mines in the vicinity of Newcastle. But Cumberland, the county of the capital, is the great focus of population in New South Wales. |
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1 Y trosglwyddiadau o Sydney i borthladd Llundain yn unig yn y flwyddyn ddiweddaf a gynnwysant un ar ddeg a deugain o filoedd, chwe’ chant ac un ar bymtheg a thriugain (51,676) o fyrnau o wlân, cant a dau ar bymtheg a phedwar ugain (197) o fyrnau o ledr, tri a deugain (43) o grwyn, un fil ar ddeg a dau cant a phedwar ar bymtheg a deugain (11,259) o gasgiau o wêr, mil a phedwar cant a deunaw ar hugain (1,438) o olew y morfil, mil a chant a thri a phedwar ugain (1,183) o olew du, cant a naw (109) o chwarteri o wenith, pedwar cant ac wyth (408) o dunelli o gopr (efydd) heb ei doddi, a dwy fil a phump ar hugain (2,025) o lafnau efydd; y cyfan yn werth 1,282,849p. Yn 1850, derbyniwyd pedair miliwn ar bymtheg ar hugain (39,000,000) pwys o wlân o Awstralia; dwy ran o bump o hono yn gynnyrch y drefedigaeth hon. Ond y mae llawer o ŷd yn cael ei drosglwyddo i Ddeheubarth Cymru Newydd o Awstralia Ddeheuol. 2 Y mae winwydden yn ffynu yn rhagorol yn y drefedigaeth, a’r gwin yn gyffelyb i’r hwn a gynnyrchir ar lanau y Rhine, a rhai parthau o Ffrainc. Yn 1848, yr oedd wyth gant a phymtheg a thriugain (875) o erwau dan winwydd, a’u cynnyrch yn agos i gan’ mil o alwyni. 3 Y mae hefyd yn lle rhagorol i fagu pryfed sidan, ac y mae ychydig sidan yn cael ei gynnyrchu yma eisoes. 4 Y mae llawer o bentrefi o amgylch Sydney, lle y mae cerbydau mawr, ceir, omnibuses, &c., yn rhedeg trwy ’r dydd, megys Camperdown, Newtown, Paddington, Redfern, Balmain, &c. |
1 Exports from Sydney to the port of London in the last year alone included fifty-one thousand, six hundred and seventy-six (51,676) bales of wool, one hundred and ninety-seven (197) bales of leather, forty-three (43) of skins, eleven thousand, two hundred and fifty-nine (11,259) casks of tallow, one thousand, four hundred and thirty-eight (1,438) of whale oil, one thousand and eighty-three (1,183) of petroleum, one hundred and nine (109) quarters of wheat, four hundred and eight (408) tons of unmelted copper, and two thousand and twenty-five (2,025) copper blades; the whole worth £1,282,849. In 1850, thirty-nine million (39,000,000) pounds of wool were received from Australia; two fifths of that were the product of this colony. But a great deal of corn is imported into New South Wales from South Australia. 2 The vine grows splendidly in the colony, and the wine is similar to that produced on the banks of the Rhine, and some parts of France. In 1848, eight hundred and seventy-five (875) acres were under vines, producing nearly a hundred thousand gallons. 3 It is also an excellent place to rear silkworms, and a little silk is being produced here already. 4 There are many villages around Sydney where large carriages, traps, omnibuses, &c., run throughout the day, such as Camperdown, Newtown, Paddington, Redfern, Balmain, &c. |
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ix Now Mauritius. x For “Blayney”, the author substitutes “Blaenau”, the Welsh name for the town of Blaina in the former county of Monmouth. xi Again, the author substitutes the Welshified “Rhyd”. xii For “Barmouth”, the author writes “Abermaw”, the Welsh name for the town of Barmouth in Wales. |