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Yr ydym yn awr yn myned i ymweled â lleoedd llawer mwy anhyfryd—y tai berwi. Y mae y sefydliadau hyn yn bethau digon cyffredin yn Awstralia, ac yn ffieiddrwydd perffaith lle y maent yn agos i drefydd, a’r olygfa o fewn eu muriau yn echrydus;—cannoedd ar gannoedd o anifeiliaid yn cael eu gyru i mewn i fuarthau yn ffrydio gan waed; eu lladd, eu blingo, a’u darnio, cyn oeri; a’u celaneddau gwaedlyd yn cael eu pentyru yn domenydd anferth, yn barod i’w taflu i’r peiriau berwol, yn unig er mwyn y crwyn, y gwêr, a’r esgyrn. Weithiau, yn wir, y mae “chwarteri ôl” defaid ac eidionau yn cael eu cludo i’r farchnad gan y cigyddion i’w hail-werthu; ond yn gyffredin y mae yr holl ysgerbwd, oddigerth y tafod, yn cael ei ferwi i lawr. Y mae y brasder yn ceulo ar wyneb yr efyddynau, ac yn cael ei ollwng i redeg trwy biben ledr i gasgiau, ac wedi iddo fferu yn wêr y mae yn barod i’w anfon ymaith mewn llongau. Yn ystod y flwyddyn 1849, berwyd i lawr dair ar ddeg ar hugain o filoedd, a dwy ar bymtheg a phedwar ugain (33,097) o wartheg, a chant a phump a thriugain o filoedd, a saith gant ac un (165,701) o ddefaid, yn y drefedigaeth hon yn unig; a chynnyrchwyd dros dair mil a deugain (3,040) o dunelli o wêr. Dywed Mr. Melville mai “y rheol gyffredin yw, os bydd gwartheg tewion yn gwerthu am fwy na dwy bunt y pen, eu bod yn rhy ddrudion i’w berwi i lawr, a’r cigyddion ydynt yr unig brynwyr; ond pan fo yr anifeiliaid unwaith wedi cyrhaedd Sydney, rhaid eu gwerthu am ryw bris—ni thalai i’w perchenogion brynu bwyd iddynt, ac ni byddai byth yn werth y drafferth eu gyru yn ol i’w cynnefinoedd i aros marchnad well.” At eu berwi, y mae eidionau da yn werth tua 1p. 17s. y pen, a defaid tewion, 4s. 2c. Cyfrifir gwêr eidion gweddol tua naw pwys, ac ugain pwys o ddafad dda. Ond y mae Mr. Earp, yr hwn a ymadawodd â’r drefedigaeth yn ddiweddarach, yn dyweyd fod defaid yn werth o saith i naw swllt y pen, ac yn rhoddi hanes dechreuad y sefydliadau berwi. “Ynghylch deng mlynedd yn ol,” medd efe, “yn ystod rhyw frawychiad arianol yn y drefedigaeth, disgynodd pris defaid i radd andwyol, yn gymaint felly a’u bod yn gwerthu yn Sydney am swllt y pen, ac am chwe’ cheiniog gartref, tra yr oedd y perchenog yn llys y meth-dalwyr. Yn yr anghaffael yna—oblegid yr oedd y magwyr anifeiliaid yn gyffredinol yn cael eu dyfetha; a hyn ei ddwyn arnynt, gan mwyaf, trwy wastraff, ac awydd gormodol i “anturio digon ar dir,”—tarawodd i ben rhyw un oedd yn gweled ymhellach i bethau na’i gymydogion, fod Lloegr yn derbyn peth annhraethol o wêr o Rwssia, a gwledydd eraill, a phaham na phrynai hi beth o Awstralia?” |
Now we are going to visit some far less pleasant places—the boiling houses. These establishments are quite common in Australia, and are a perfect abomination where they are near towns, and the scenes within their walls are horrible;—hundreds upon hundreds of animals are driven into yards awash with blood; they are killed, flayed, and cut up, before chilling; and their bloody carcases are piled up in huge heaps, ready to be cast into the boiling cauldrons, merely for the skins, tallow, and bones. Sometimes, in fact, the hind quarters of sheep and bullocks are taken to the market by butchers to be re-sold; but generally the whole carcase, apart from the tongue, is boiled down. The fat collects at the top of the cauldrons, and is allowed to run through a leather pipe into casks, and after it congeals into tallow it is ready to be sent off in ships. During the year 1849, thirty-three thousand and ninety-seven (33,097) cattle, and one hundred and sixty-five thousand, seven hundred and one (165,701) sheep, in this colony alone; and over three thousand and forty (3,040) tons of tallow. Mr. Melville says that “The general rule is, if fat cattle sell for more than two pounds a head, they are too expensive to boil down, and the butchers are the only buyers; but when once the animals have reached Sydney, they must be sold at any price—it would not pay the owners to buy feed for them, and it would never be worth the trouble to drive them back home to wait for a better market.” Good bullocks for boiling are worth about £1 17s. a head, and fat sheep, 4s. 2d. A fair-sized bullock yields about nine pounds of tallow, and a good sheep twenty pounds. But Mr. Earp, who left the colony more recently, says that sheep are worth from seven to nine shillings a head, and tells the story of the origins of the boiling establishments. “About ten years ago,” he says, “amid some financial alarm in the colony, the price of sheep fell to a ruinous level, so much so that they sold in Sydney for a shilling a head, and for sixpence at home, while the owner was in the bankrupts’ court. In that failure—because the breeders of animals were being generally ruined; this coming on them, mostly, through extravagance and excessive desire to ‘venture enough on land,’—it occurred to someone who saw farther into things than his neighbours, that England was getting an unspeakable amount of tallow from Russia, and other countries, and why should she not buy some from Australia?” |
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Dilynwyd ei gynllun; a chyn pen ychydig o wythnosau yr oedd pris defaid ar godiad annysgwyliadwy. Gwelwyd ar unwaith nas gallai pris anifeiliaid rhagllaw ddisgyn yn îs na gwereth eu gwêr, wedi talu y draul o’u berwi, sef tua chwe’ cheiniog ar ddafad, a choron y pen ar wartheg, yr hyn sydd yn llawer llai na gwerth eu crwyn, a’r cig cul. Mewn rhai tai berwi, y tafod yn unig a ofynir am y drafferth, gan adael y gwêr, y croen, a’r gweddill o’r cig, i’r tyddynwr neu y bugail. Fel hyn y cododd masnach fawr gwêr yma. Hyd yn ddiweddar, byddai y cig berwedig yn cael ei daflu i borthi cenfeintiau o foch; ond yn awr, y mae y rhan fwyaf yn cael ei selio i fyny mewn cistiau tin, i’w gadw rhag cyffyrddiad llygrol yr awyr, ac yn cael ei anfon i Loegr, China, a gwledydd eraill, fel cig newydd ei ladd, heb ei halltu na’i ferwi. Bwytëir llawer o hono fel cig fresh ar y môr, yn enwedig yr yspodiau. Dywed Mr. Earp fod eidion, yn pwyso dau cant, yn werth tair punt yn Sydney yn bresennol. |
His plan was followed; and within a few weeks the price of sheep was unexpectedly rising. It was immediately seen that the price of animals could not thenceforth fall lower than the value of their tallow, after paying for the boiling, that is about sixpence for a sheep, and a crown per head for cattle, which is much less than the value of their skins, and the lean meat. In some boiling houses, only the tongue is asked for the trouble, leaving the tallow, the skin, and the rest of the meat, to the farmer or the grazier. In this way a large tallow trade arose here. Until recently, the boiled meat would be used to feed pigs; but now, the bulk of it is sealed up in tin chests, to protect it from contamination, and sent to England, China, and other countries, as newly killed meat, unsalted and unboiled. Much of it is eaten as fresh meat at sea, especially the shoulders. Mr. Earp says that bullocks weighing two hundred pounds are worth three pounds in Sydney at present. |
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Y mae y drefedigaeth hefyd yn meddu llawer o weithfeydd—deugain o farcdai, pump o sefydliadau halltu a chadw cigau, pedwar ar hugain a ddarllawdai, pum distyll-dŷ, tri phurdy sugr, ugain o weithydd sebon a chanwyllau, pedwar gwaith rhaffau, saith o grochendai, neu weithydd llestri pridd, tair ar ddeg o efelfëydd pres a haiarn, un gwaith toddi, chwech o felinau gwlân, yn cynnyrchu yn flyneddol ddau can’ mil (200,000) o latheni o wëoedd gwlan a brethyn llydan, un gwaith gwydr, un gwaith gas (nwy), deg a thriugain o felinau ager, deg a deugain o felinau dwfr, chwech ar hugain o felinau gwynt, wyth ar hugain o felinau esgyrn, a phymtheg a phedwar ugain o dai berwi.1 |
The colony possesses many workshops and factories—forty tanneries, five establishments for salting and preserving meats, twenty-four breweries, five distilleries, three sugar refineries, twenty soap and candle factories, four rope-works, seven potteries, or earthen vessel factories, thirteen brass and iron smithies, one foundry, six wool-mills, producing annually two hundred thousand (200,000) yards of woollen textile and broadcloth, one glassworks, one gasworks, seventy steam-mills, fifty water-mills, twenty-six windmills, twenty-eight bone mills, and ninety-five boiling houses.1 |
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Y mae y sefydliadau crefyddol yn nifeiriol, ac yn cael eu cynnal yn haelionus, er bod anghen ysbrydol y trefedigion, yn enwedig yn y “sefyllfeydd cefn,” eto yn fawr iawn. Y mae y Pabyddion yn ffurfio plaid gref iawn yma—dwy ran o dair o holl boblogaeth Sydney. Y mae hyn yn cael ei briodoli i’r amgylchiad o fod cynnifer o Wyddelod yn cael eu halltudio yma gynt. Y mae yr eglwys Rufeinaidd dan awdurdod archesgob, a llu o îs-offeiriaid; ac y mae y llywodraeth yn rhoi pum cant o bunnau yn y flwyddyn tuagat gyflog yr archesgob Pabaidd hwn, a dau cant i’w ficer cyffredinol. Y mae gan y Pabyddion tua deunaw a deugain o eglwysydd yn y drefedigaeth. |
The religious institutions are numerous, and are generously supported, though the spiritual need of the settlers, particularly in the “back settlements,” is still very great. The Catholics form a very strong party here—two thirds of the whole population of Sydney. This is attributed to the circumstance of so many Irish people having been transported here in the past. The Roman church is under the authority of an archbishop, and a host of lower clergy; and the government provides five hundred pounds a year toward the upkeep of this Catholic archbishop, and two hundred to the vicar general. The Catholics have about fifty-eight churches in the colony. |
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Eglwys Loegr yw y blaid lïosocaf. Y mae holl Ddeheubarth Cymru Newydd wedi ei rhanu i ddwy esgobaeth fawr—Sydney a Newcastle. Y mae esgobaeth Sydney yn cynnwys holl ddeheubarth y wlad, o lanau yr afon Hunter hyd gyffiniau Porth Phylip, yn saith can’ milltir o hyd, a rhyw bum can’ milltir o led--felly yn fwy na holl Brydain. Y gweddill o’r diriogaeth a gynnwysir o fewn esgobaeth Castell Newydd. Nifer yr eglwysydd yw deg a thriugain, heblaw lleoedd addoliad achlysurol. Y mae Esgob Sydney, yr hwn yw y prif-ddinasolydd, yn derbyn dwy fil o bunnau o’r trysordy trefedigaethol, ac Esgob Castell Newydd un fil. Ond y mae y rhan fwyaf o weinidogion Eglwys Loegr yma yn cael eu cynnal ar y drefn wirfoddol. Cyn belled yn ol a’r flwyddyn 1836, yr oedd cyfraniadau gwirfoddol aelodau yr Eglwys yn y drefedigaeth yn cyrhaedd i dair mil ar deg a phum cant (13,500) o bunnau yn y flwyddyn. Ond beth yw hyny yn awr? Dyma y rheol—y mae y “Gymdeithas Genadol Eglwysig,” a’r “Gymdeithas er Lledanu yr Efengyl mewn Gwledydd Tramor,” yn talu cyflog pob offeiriad a anfonir allan i’r wlad am y pum mlynedd cyntaf, ac wedi hyny yn dysgwyl i bob eglwys gynnal ei gweinidog ei hun, fel y gellir tynu y rhodd yn ol, a’i hestyn i gynnulleidfaoedd gweiniaid a thlodion. Nid oes yma ddim degwm. Y mae yr Eglwys Henaduriaethol o dan lywyddiaeth synod Awstralia, ac wedi ei rhanu i bedair presbyteriaeth—Sydney, Windsor, Campbelltown, a Maitland. Y mae yn henuriaeth Sydney bump o eglwysydd, a chynnifer o weinidogion ordeiniedig, heblaw llawer o leoedd addoliad achlysurol yn cael eu gwasanaethu gan gynnorthwywyr. Yr henuriaethau eraill a gynnwysant ddeg o eglwysydd, a llïaws o leoedd wedi eu neillduo i addoli. |
The Church of England is the largest denomination. New South Wales is divided into two large dioceses—Sydney and Newcastle. The diocese of Sydney includes the whole southern part of the country, from the banks of the river Hunter to the limits of Port Phillip, seven hundred miles in length, and some five hundred miles wide--and so larger than the whole of Britain. The rest of the territory is included in the diocese of Newcastle. The churches number seventy, besides casual places of worship. The Bishop of Sydney, who is the chief metropolitan, receives two thousand pounds from the colonial treasury, and the Bishop of Newcastle one thousand. But the majority of the Church of England ministers here are supported by the voluntary system. As far back as the year 1836, the voluntary contributions of members of the Church in the colony reached thirteen thousand, five hundred pounds a year. But what is it now? This is the arrangement—the “Church Missionary Society,” and the “Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts,” pay the stipend of every priest sent out to the country for the first five years, and after that every church is expected to support its own ministers, so that the grant can be withdrawn, and extended to weak and poor congregations. There is no tithing here. The Presbyterian Church is under the authority of the Australian synod, and is divided into four presbyteries—Sydney, Windsor, Campbelltown, and Maitland. There are five churches in the presbytery of Sydney, and as many ordained ministers, besides many casual places of worship being served by assistants. The other presbyteries contain ten churches, and a host of places reserved for worship. |
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Y mae Eglwys Rydd yr Alban o dan reoliad synod Awstralia Ddwyreiniol. Y mae gan yr enwad hwn le addoliad godidog yn Sydney, a llawer o gynnulleidfaoedd ar wasgar ar hyd y wlad—gan mwyaf mewn trefydd. |
The Free Church of Scotland is governed by the synod of Eastern Australia. This denomination has a splendid place of worship in Sydney, and many congregations scattered throughout the country—for the most part in towns. |
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Nid yw yr Annibynwyr a’r Bedyddwyr mor lïosog; ond y maent yn hynod o lafurus ac ymdrechgar i ledanu crefydd trwy y drefedigaeth. |
The Independents and the Baptists are not as numerous; but they are remarkably industrious and energetic in spreading religion throughout the colony. |
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Y mae gan y Wesleyaid ddeg a deugain o gapelydd, a chynnifer o leoedd pregethu. |
The Wesleyans have fifty chapels, and as many preaching places. |
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Y mae y tiroedd eglwysig ac ysgolaidd yn werth 4,460p. yn y flwyddyn. |
Church and school lands are worth £4,460. |
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Ond pa beth yw hyn oll ar gyfer anghen ysbrydol dau cant ac ugain mil o eneidiau? Y mae moddion gras, yn wir, wedi cael eu darparu yn lled helaeth at raid y trefydd, ond y mae y ganolwlad eto yn aros yn ddiffeithwch moesol. |
But what does all this mean for the spiritual needs of two hundred and twenty thousand souls? The means of grace, certainly, have been rather amply provided for the needs of the towns, but the countryside still remains in a moral desert. |
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1 Dywed Capper fod yn awr yn Awstralia (oll?) dri chant a thri ugain (360) o dai berwi, a bod miliwn a hanner (1,500,00) o ddefaid, ac agos i ddau can’ mil (200,000) o wartheg, wedi cael eu lladd a’u berwi i lawr yn 1849. Y cyfrif canlynol a geir yn cydsynio â hanes Chambers:— Gweithfäau Deheubarth Cymru Newydd a Phorth Phylip.
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1 Capper [Phillips’ Emigrant’s Guide to Australia, London, 1852] says that there are now in (all?) Australia three hundred and sixty (360) boiling houses, and that a million and a half (1,500,000) sheep, and nearly two hundred thousand (200,000) cattle, were killed and boiled down in 1849. The following is given, in accord with Chambers’ account:— Factories in New South Wales and Port Phillip.
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