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PENNOD III.DEHEUBARTH CYMRU NEWYDD.Peth gweddus yw dechreu gyda y fam-drefedigaeth, yr hon sydd bellach tua thriugain mlwydd oed, ac, erbyn heddyw, yn llawer tebycach i’r “Hen Wlad” nag un o’r sefydledigaethau eraill; yn meddu prif ddinas fawr, a llïaws o drefydd taleithiol, heblaw aneirif o bentrefi gwasgaredig tros eangder mawr o wlad. Ond yr oedd terfynau y dalaeth hon yn llawer eangach gynt. O lanau y Môr Tawelog y mae yn ymledu mor bell i’r canoldir a’r 141 gyflinell o nawnred (dwyreiniol); yr hon linell sydd yn ei gwahanu (yn gyfreithiol) oddiwrth diriogaeth Awstralia Ddeheuol. Ar yr ochr ddeheuol, gwahenir hi oddiwrth dalaeth Porth Phylip gan linell ddychymygol a dynir o Bentir Howe i gainc uchaf y Murrumbidgee, ac oddiyno gyda’r afon hòno hyd ei hymuniad â’r Murray, ac yna gyda’r ffrwd olaf hyd groesiad y 141° o nawnred. Ei therfyn gogleddol yw y chweched llinell ar hugain o ledred deheuol. Felly, y mae yn amlwg ei bod yn cynnwys ymhell tros bedwar can’ mil (400,000) o filltiroedd ysgwâr: ond nid yw ei phoblogiad wedi cyrhaedd eto tros fwy na thriugain mil (60,000) o filltiroedd ysgwâr, a gadael y cymrodorion allan o’r cyfrif. Y mae tair rhan o bedair yn dir anadnabyddus. Yn wir, ni chamgymerem lawer pe dywedem fod yr holl diriogaeth gyfanneddol yn gorwedd rhwng glan y môr a’r Mynyddoedd Gleision. Tuhwnt iddynt, nid oes dim o’r bron ond sefyllfäau “yswatiol” a’r cloddfeydd. |
CHAPTER III.NEW SOUTH WALES.It is appropriate to begin with the mother-colony, which is now about sixty years old, and, nowadays, more like the “Old Country” than any of the other settlements; possessing a great capital city, and numerous provincial towns, besides countless villages scattered over a wide area of land. But the bounds of this province were once much wider. From the shores of the Pacific Ocean it stretches as far into the interior as the 141st meridian (east); which line separates it (legally) from the territory of South Australia. On the southern side, it is separated from the Port Phillip colony by an imaginary line drawn from Cape Howe to the highest branch of the Murrumbidgee, and from there following that river to its junction with the Murray, and then following the latter stream to the point where it crosses the 141st meridian. Its northern boundary is the twenty-sixth line of latitude south. Thus, it is evident that it contains far above four hundred thousand (400,000) square miles: but its population does not yet extend over more than sixty thousand (60,000) square miles, not counting the natives. Three quarters of it is unknown territory. Indeed, we should not be much mistaken if we were to say that the entire inhabited region lies lies between the sea and the Blue Mountains. Beyond them, there is almost nothing but the “squatting” settlements and the goldfields. |
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Tybiwn fod yr ymfudwr wedi glanio yn Sydney. Y mae y ddinas hon yn sefyll ar geulan ddeheuol y gainc o fôr a ddesgrifiwyd eisoes megys Porth Jackson, ac y mae yr olwg ar y dref oddiar y dwfr yn ardderchog. Y mae yr angorfa yn ddofn hyd ymyl y lan, a phob cyfleusdra a all celfyddyd ei ddarparu i lwytho a dadlwytho y llongau mwyaf, mewn porthle eang a elwir y Circular Wharf, yr hwn a neillduir i longau marsiandwyr tramor, a Phorth Darling i agerddfadau a mân-lestri. Y mae tua mil o lestri masnachol yn dyfod i mewn i’r porthladd yn flyneddol, a llawer o “longau mawr” yn cael eu hadeiladu yma yn barhaus. Cedwir llynges lïosog ar waith yn pysgota morfilod, peth aneirif o fân-longau yn y fasnach ororol, a digonedd o agerddfadau i dramwy y dyfroedd ewynog rhwng y penporthladd a’r mân-borthydd cyfagos, ac i ddal cymundeb â’r trefedigaethau cymydogaethol. Y mae cychod Paramatta yn hwylio i mewn ac allan bob awr. Y drafnidiaeth gydag ynysoedd y Môr Tawelog a ystyrir yn un o brif gynnalion Sydney. Gwelir baner wladwriaethol pob cenedl dan haul yn cwhwfan yn awyr ddigwmwl Porth Jackson. Y mae poblogaeth y ddinas yn awr tua hanner can’ mil o eneidiau. Wrth edrych ar yr olygfa o’n blaen, y mae pob peth yn gwisgo gwedd Seisnig—y goedwig o hwylbrenau; y llïaws o ffumerau symudol yn mygu, yn ageru, ac yn rhuo yn eu plith; y rhesi o ystordai uchel, y clochdai pinaclog, y simddeiau tàl yn gollwng cyfrolau mawrion a duon o fwg gweithydd a melinau drwy eu cyrn. Wedi cael ein rhoi ar dir, yr ydym yn dechreu gwthio ein ffordd trwy y tyrfäau ffwdanus—pobl mor brysur a thrafferthus a’r miloedd a adawsom gartref i “wau” trwy ystrydoedd Llynlleifiad neu Lundain. Y mae y prif heolydd yn llydain, yn croesi eu gilydd ar union-ongliad, y troedfëydd wedi eu palmantu a’u llorio yn dda, a’u goleu yn ysplenydd yn y nos. Yr ydym yn cael ein byddaru gan swn troliau, a phob math o gerbydau yn gyru yn mhob ffordd, a’n taraw â synedigaeth wrth weled holl wychder siopau Bold street a’r Strand yn ymagor o’n blaen yn mhob cyfeiriad; gyda hyn o wahaniaeth, fod eu hysplander yn fwy fflamaidd wedi eu symud allan o awyr gadduglyd hen drefydd Lloegr. Y mae y tai yn uchel ac yn awyrog, ac wedi eu hadeiladu o briddfeini a cheryg nadd. Y mae yr adeiladau cyhoeddus yn nifeiriol, yn fawrion, ac yn wychion, er y gall llygad yr adeiladydd Seisonig proffesedig ganfod peth anmherffeithrwydd o ran cynllun, dull, ac addurn. Yn eu plith y mae y gyllidfa, y llythyrdy, ystafellau y cynghor gwladol, palas y llywodraethwr, y Llyfrgellfa Awstralaidd, Athrofa Sydney, yr amgueddfa, y trysorlys, swyddfa yr heddgeidwaid, y llysdy, y nawddle, yr hyspyttai, y milwrdy, y garcharfa, &c. Heblaw y rhai hyn, gellir crybwyll yr ariandai a’r swyddfëydd masnachol, y chwareudy, y cymdeithasdai, a’r gwesty breninol, ar yr hwn y treuliwyd mwy na deng mil ar hugain o bunnau. Nid yw prifddinas y De yn fyr ychwaith o adeiladau crefyddol, ond y mae yr eglwysydd a’r capelydd yn hardd ac yn llïosog, ac, yn gyffredin, yn gyfaddas i gynnwys cynnulleidfaoedd mawrion; megys, Eglwys St. Iago, St. Mair, Eglwys Crist, Eglwys y Drindod, &c.; y capel Canmlwyddol, synagog yr iuddewon, eglwys gadeiriol y Pabyddion, St. Patric, St. Benedic, &c. Y mae eglwys gadeiriol Brotestanaidd yn awr yn cael ei hadeiladu i gynnwys dwy fil o addolwyr. Yn fyr, y mae gan yr holl brif enwadau o Gristionogion Protestanaidd hefyd addoldai eang a harddwych; megys, y Presbyteriaid, yr Annibynwyr, y Bedyddwyr, y Trefnyddion Wesleyaidd, &c., ynghyd âg amryw o weinidogion doniol, llafurus, ac enwog; y brif-athrofa a sefydlwyd gan y Cynghor Trefedigol, ac y mae yn agored i Ymneilldüwyr yn gystal ag i Eglwyswyr. Y mae yma hefyd “ysgol uchel” a elwir yr Athrofa Awstralaidd, heblaw Athrofa Sydney, Ysgol Archesgobaethol St. Mair, y Sefydliad Normalaidd, a Chymdeithas Ysgolaidd Awstralia; chwech o ysgolion elfenol perthynol i Eglwys Loegr, saith i’r Presbyteriaid, chwech i’r Pabyddion, ac un i’r Wesleyaid—oll yn derbyn cynnaliaeth oddiwrth y Llywodraeth. Ond y mae yr Annibynwyr a’r Bedyddwyr yn cynnal eu hysgolion eu hunain. |
Let us suppose that the emigrant has landed in Sydney. This city stands on the southern bank of a branch of the sea previously described as Port Jackson, and the view of the town from the water is superb. The harbour is deep right up to the shore, with every conceivable facility provided for loading and unloading the largest ships, in a wide quay called “Circular Wharf,” which is set aside for the ships of foreign merchants, and Port Darling for steamboats and small vessels. About one thousand merchant vessels enter the harbour annually, and many “great ships” are being built here continually. A large fleet is kept busy hunting whales, as well as innumerable small ships in the coastal trade, and an abundance of steamboats traversing the foamy waters between the main harbour and the small ports nearby, and maintaining communication with the neighbouring settlements. The boats of Paramatta sail in and out every hour. The trade with the islands of the Pacific Ocean is considered one of the chief supports of Sydney. The state flag of every nation under the sun can be seen fluttering against the cloudless sky of Port Jackson. The city’s population is now about fifty thousand souls. Looking at the the scene before us, everything has an English appearance—the forest of masts; the multitude of mobile funnels smoking, steaming and roaring amongst them; the rows of tall warehouses, the spired belltowers, the tall chimneys releasing great, black volumes of smoke from factories and mills through their mouths. After been set on land, we begin to push our way through the bustling crowds—people as busy and as anxious as the thousands we left at home to weave through the streets of Liverpool or London. The main roads are broad, crossing each other at right angles, the footpaths are well paved, and their lights are glorious in the night. We are deafened by the sound of carts, and all manner of carriages driving in every direction, and are struck with wonder at seeing all the splendour of the shops in Bold street and the Strand opening before us wherever we look; with this difference, that their splendour is more brilliant for having been taken out of the misty air of the old towns of England. The houses are tall and airy, and built of bricks and hewn stone. The public buildings are numerous, large, and splendid, though the eye of the professional English builder can discern some imperfection as regards plan, form and décor. Among them are the custom house, the post office, the legislative council chambers, the governor’s residence, the Australian Library, Sydney College, the museum, the treasury, the police office, the courthouse, the asylum, the hospitals, the barracks, the prison, &c. Besides these can be mentioned the banks and the commercial offices, the theatres, the society houses, and the royal hotel, on which more than thirty thousand pounds were spent. Neither is the capital of the South short of religious buildings, but the churches and chapels are beautiful and plentiful, and, in general, able to accommodate large congregations; such as, the St. James’ Church, St. Mary’s, Christ Church, Holy Trinity Church, &c.; the Centenary Chapel, the Jews’ synagogue, the Roman Catholic cathedral, St. Patrick’s, St. Benedict’s, &c. The Protestant cathedral is now being built to accommodate two thousand worshippers. Briefly, all the chief denominations of Protestant Christians also have large and splendid houses of worship, the Independents, the Baptists, the Wesleyan Methodists, &c., as well as several talented, industrious, and famous ministers; the University was established by the Legislative Council, and is open to Nonconformists as well as to Churchmen. There is also a “high school” here called the Australian College, besides the Sydney College, St. Mary’s Archiepiscopal School, the Normal Institution, and the School Society of Australia; six elementary schools belonging to the Church of England, seven to the Presbyterians, six to the Catholics, and one to the Wesleyans—all receiving support from the Government. But the Independents and the Baptists maintain their own schools. |
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Yn mysg sefydliadau llênyddol a chelfyddydol Sydney, anghofiasom Ysgol Gelfyddydol y Crefftwyr, y gwahanol lyfrgelloedd ac ystafellau darllen, &c; ac ni ddylem fyned yn fud heibio i’w hamrywiol gymdeithasau dyngarol, megys, y Gymdeithas Elusenol, Cymdeithas Dorcas Sydney, Cymdeithas Gyfeillaidd i Ddyeithriaid, Cymdeithas Cymedroldeb, a’r Gymdeithas Ddirwestol, ynghyd â llïaws o gymdeithasau cyfeillgar eraill. |
Among the literary and arts institutions of Sydney, we should not forget the Mechanics’ School of Arts, the various libraries and reading rooms, &c; and we should not pass mutely by the various humane societies, such as, the Benevolent Society, the Sydney Dorcas Society,viii the Strangers’ Friendly Society, the Temperance Society, and the Total Abstinence Society, as well as a host of other friendly societies. |
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Trown, yn awr, am fynyd, i farchnatty mawr y brifddinas drefedigol, os gallwn ymwasgu i mewn trwy dyndra y bobl, yn enwedig ar nos Sadwrn. Wrth edrych ar y pethau sydd ar werth yma y deallwn gyntaf nad gartref yn Lloegr yr ydym—y mae holl ffrwythau gofwythus y gwledydd brydion wedi eu pentyru ar y byrddau a’r lloriau yn yr un digonolrwydd, a chan rhated, a phytatws neu faip yn Nghymru. Y mae holl gynnyrchion gerddi yr un mor doreithiog; a digon o gig da yn cael ei gynnyg am geiniog neu ddwy y pwys. Y mae yn rhaid gwerthu yr holl gig yr un diwrnod: nis gellir cadw dim mewn gwlad mor frwd heb ei halltu neu ei ferwi. Y mae yma hefyd ddigon o hwyaid, gieir, colomenod, adar gwylltion, &c.; ond am bysgod dyfroedd Porth Jackson, nid gwaeth pwy a’u caffo—gwnaed yn llawen arnynt oll, ond y durtyllod a’r cimych. |
Let us turn now for a moment, to the great markets of the colonial capital, if we can penetrate the tightly packed crowd, particularly on a Saturday night. Looking at the things on sale here we realize first that we are not at home in England—all the luxurious fruits of the hot countries are heaped up on the tables and the floors in similar abundance, and just as cheap, as potatoes and turnips in Wales. All garden products are equally plentiful; and ample meat is offered for a shilling or two a pound. All the meat must be sold the same day: nothing can be kept in such a hot country without salting or boiling it. Here as well are plenty of ducks, hens, pigeons, wild birds, &c.; but as for the fish of Port Jackson, whoever finds them—let him enjoy them all, save the turtles and the lobsters. |
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Nid yw dinas Sydney yn ymddibynol ar y llywodraeth daleithiol, ond y mae wedi derbyn ei chorfforedigaeth oddiwrth y goron, ac yn cael ei llywodraethu gan faer, hynafwyr, a chynghorwyr cyffredin, ynghyd â byddin o is-swyddogion. Y mae maer Sydney yn derbyn y swm bach tlws o wyth gant o bunnau yn flyneddol am fwyta hyn-a-hyn o giniawau corfforiaethol, ac yfed llwydd y ddinas mewn cwpaneidiau gorlifol o win, i liniaru angerdd y dadleuon dinasaidd a gyfodant ymhlith ei gynghoriaid doethion, pa rai, fel eu cynddelwau swyddol yn Lloegr, a arferant ddangos eu dinasgarwch mewn gwleddoedd cyhoeddus. Y maent yn ddïareb am ddadleuon cecrus, ac ymosodiadau personol. Er hyn y maent yn treulio y rhan fwyaf o “arian y bobl” er lles y dref. |
The city of Sydney is independent of the colonial government, having received its incorporation from the crown, and being governed by a mayor, aldermen, and common councillors, together with an army of inferior officials. The mayor of Sydney receives the paltry sum of eight hundred pounds annually for eating so many corporation dinners, and toasting the prosperity of the city in overflowing cups of wine, to calming the passion of the civic disputes which arise among his wise councillors, who, like their official models in England, like to display their civic-mindedness in public feasts. They are legendary for their fractious quarrels, and personal attacks. Despite this they spend most of the “people’s money” for the benefit of the town. |
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Dywedir fod gan ariandai Sydney tua hanner can’ mil o bunnau ar dreigledigaeth bapyrol, a chant a hanner o filoedd o arian bathol yn eu coffrau, heblaw rhai miliynau allan ar sicrwydd. Rhaid bod arianwyr Awstralia yn gwneyd elw mawr iawn, gan nad ydynt yn talu dim llog am yr hyn a gânt yn menthyg! Nid hwyrach bod dïogelwch yn cael ei ystyried yn ddigon o daledigaeth mewn cymundeb mor ladronaidd. |
It is said that Sydney’s banks have about fifty thousand pounds in bank notes and one hundred and fifty thousand in coinage in their coffers, besides several millions out on surety. The bankers of Australia must make a very large profit, because they pay no interest on what they are lent! But perhaps security is considered payment enough in such a larcenous community. |
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Y mae argraffwasg Sydney yn derbyn ei chyfran ddyladwy o gefnogaeth boblogaidd i’w phapyrau wythnosol a dyddiol, ac y mae rhai o honynt o gymeriad uchel o ran “dawn ac ysbryd,” er fod peth sothach anfoesol yn cael derbyniad ymhlith rhyw fath o ddynionach. |
The Sydney press receives its due share of popular support for its weekly and daily papers, and some of them are of a high standard in terms of talent and spirit, though some immoral rubbish is readily received among the dregs of society. |
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Y mae dwy gatrawd o filwyr wedi eu llëoli yma, a chorff cryf o heddgeidwaid; ond o herwydd bod rhyw ffrwgwd yn dygwydd beunydd rhwng y milwyr a’r dinasyddion, symudwyd y wersyllfa yn ddiweddar ddwy filltir a hanner i’r wlad. |
Two regiments of soldiers are stationed here, and a strong corps of police; but because some fracas occurred daily between the soldiers and the citizens, the camp was recently moved two and a half miles inland. |
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Y mae yn bryd i ni bellach roi tro tua Hyde Park, a’r gerddi llysieuol—cyrchleoedd cyffredin pob gradd o’r dinasyddion. Y parc a gynlluniwyd ac a briodolwyd i wasanaeth y bobl gan yr enwog Lywodraethwr Macquarie, ac y mae yn rhodfeydd trofaol yn hynod o ddeniadol; weithiau wedi eu tori trwy y scrwb, weithiau ar hyd ael craig, neu ar hyd fin y dwfr; a’r olwg ar y môr-geinciau yn frith o longau, a’r ynysoedd coediog, a’r glenydd dyrchafedig draw, yn ardderchog ac yn swynol. Yma y mae “pendefigion” Sydney yn arfer cymeryd eu hawyriadau hwyr a boreu; ac nid oes neb yn dangos y fath wychder a rhwysg a rhai o’r hen droseddwyr a alltudiwyd yma gynt—dynion wedi bod yn sefyll, y mae yn ddigon tebyg, fwy nag unwaith o dan y crogbren, ond wedi eu harbed trwy ryw ffawd ddamweiniol, diwygio eu buchedd, ac ennill cyfoeth mawr. Y mae gobaith o ddyn tra byddo byw. Nid gwiw i ni ymadael heb ymweled â gerddi y llywodraeth—“Eden Awstralia Ddwyreiniol.” Yma y cyferfydd ein llygaid synedig â phob math o blanigion trofanol a hanner-trofanol wedi eu trawsblanu o bob parth o’r byd. Ond gan fod meddwl y darllenydd yn anesmwyth am y dëadellau a’r cloddfeydd, ni chaiff fawr o hyfrydwch yn y llwybrau blodeuog, y rhodfeydd cysgodog, y deildai peraroglaidd, a’r hefrfeydd ymoerol yma. |
It is now time for us to take a stroll about Hyde Park, and the botanic gardens—the common haunts of every rank of the citizenry. The park was planned and dedicated to the service of the people by the famous Governor Macquarie, and makes an exceedingly attractive, winding promenade; now cut through the scrub, now along the brow of a cliff, or along the water’s edge; and the sight of the inlets dotted with boats, and the wooded islands, and the elevated banks over there, is splendid and charming. Here the aristocrats of Sydney like to take their airings in the morning and the evening; and there is no one who displays such pomp and splendour as some of the old criminals who were formerly transported here—men who have, quite probably, stood more than once under the gallows, but have been saved by some chance event, mended their ways, and won great wealth. Such is the hope of man while he lives. It would not do to leave without visiting the gardens of the government—“the Eden of Eastern Australia.” Here our marvelling eyes meet with all kinds of tropical and sub-tropical plants transplanted from every part of the world. But as the reader’s mind is impatient for the flocks and the diggings, he will take little pleasure in these flowery paths, shady avenues, perfumed arbours, and cool resting-places. |
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viii A society devoted to relieving “poor married women during the month of their confinement, with necessary clothing and other things”. [Thanks to Paul Cooper for this.] |