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PENNOD II.DARGANFYDDIAD A GWLADYCHIAD AWSTRALIA.Darganfyddiad America, ar derfyn y bymthegfed ganrif, a dueddodd ddaearyddwyr Ewropëaidd i farnu y gallai fod rhyw gyfandir ëang heb ei ddarganfod yn y de, yn cyfateb i’r tir ar ochr ogleddol y ddaear. Wedi i Vasco de Gama ganfod y drwyfa heibio i Benrhyn Gobaith da, gosododd amryw o genedloedd arforol Ewrop wahanol anturiaethau ar droed i chwilio Môr y De. Cyn hyn, yn wir, yr oedd Marco Polo wedi nodi allan sefyllfa y “Tir Mawr Deheuol,” yn ol tystiolaeth y Chinëaid, ar ei ddarlun o’r byd. Y mae yn ddiddadl mai Chinëaid a ddarganfyddasant Awstralia gyntaf. Dywed Mr. Earp fod traddodiad i’r perwyl hwn ymhlith y cyndrigolion, a bod rhwyfau, a chelfi morwrol eraill, o wneuthuriad Chinëaidd, wedi cael eu darganfod yno y llynedd yn ddwfn-gladdedig yn y ddaear. Dywed y brodorion i’r ymwelwyr Chinëaidd gael eu llofruddio. |
CHAPTER II.DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT OF AUSTRALIA.The discovery of America, at the end of the fifteenth century, disposed European geographers to believe that there could be some vast, undiscovered continent in the south, corresponding to the land in the northern half of the earth. After Vasco da Gama found the route past the Cape of Good Hope, the maritime nations of Europe instigated various expeditions to search for the Southern Sea. Before this, indeed, Marco Polo had marked out the location of the “Great Southern Land,” according to the testimony of the Chinese, on his picture of the world. It is incontrovertible that the Chinese were the first to discover Australia. Mr. Earp says that there was a tradition to that effect amongst the aboriginal inhabitants, and that oars, and other nautical equipment, of Chinese manufacture, was discovered there last year, buried deep in the earth. The natives say that the Chinese visitors were murdered. |
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Heblaw darlen Marco Polo, y mae hen fap arall yn yr Amgueddfa Frytanaidd, wedi ei gofnodi yn 1542, yn arlunio gwlad fawr i’r de i Ynysoedd y Perlysiau, dan yr enw Jafa Fawr, ac yn cyfateb mor gywir i luniad glanau gogleddol a gorllewinol Awstralia ag i arwain pawb a ymgynghora âg ef i benderfynu nas gallasai dychymyg gyfarwyddo y llaw a’i llinellodd allan, ond ei bod yn gweithredu oddiar wybyddiaeth sicr a darchwiliad. Y dirgelwch yw, pwy oedd yn meddu y fath wybodaeth ddaearyddol y pryd hwnw, a pha fodd y daeth o hyd iddi. Y mae yn amlwg fod yr Yspaeniaid, yr Isellmyn, y Ffrancod, a’r Seison, wedi gwneyd ymgeisiadau i gael y cyfandir tybiedig hwn allan; ac er bod y ddwy genedl olaf ymhell o fod yn enwog “ar fôr pell” y pryd hyny, y mae y Ffrancod yn dadleu fod y mordwywr Ffrengig, Gonneville, wedi ymweled âg Awstralia yn 1504, tra y barna eraill mai Madagascar oedd y wlad a ddarganfyddodd ac a ddesgrifia. |
Besides Marco Polo’s picture, there is another old map in the British Museum, dated 1542, showing a great land to the south of the Spice Islands, under the name Great Java,vi and corresponding so exactly in form to the northern and western coasts of Australia as to lead everyone who consulted it to decide that imagination could not have guided the hand with its outlines, but that it worked out of sure knowledge and exploration. The mystery is, who possessed such geographical knowledge at that time, and how it was acquired. It is evident that the Spanish, the Dutch, the French, and the English, had made attempts to find the supposed continent; and although the last two nations were far from famous “on the high seas” at that time, the French contend that the French navigator, Gonneville, had visited Australia in 1504, while others reckon that Madagascar was the country he discovered and described. |
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Ymddengys mai yr Yspaeniaid oedd y genedl Ewropëaidd gyntaf a ddarganfyddodd Awstralia. Wedi iddynt ymsefydlu ar ororau gorllewinol America Ddheheuol, anfonasant anturiaeth allan i chwilio am Dir y De, dan arweiniad Fernandez de Quiros, yr hwn a hwyliodd o Brazil, yn 1605, ac wedi darganfod amryw ynysoedd yn y Môr Tawelog, a gyrhaeddodd ryw dir a alwodd yn Awstralia, gan dybio ei fod yn rhan o’r “cyfandir mawr deheuol.” Ond yr islywydd, Vaes de Torres, wedi ei ysgaru oddiarth y llyngesydd gan dymhestl, a gariodd ei ymchwiliad ymlaen yn annibynol, ac a hwyliodd drwy y gulfa sydd yn dwyn ei enw i Fôr Arafura. Torres oedd y cyntaf a haerodd mai ynys oedd Awstralia. |
It appears that the Spanish were the first European nation to discover Australia. After they settled on the western coast of South America, they sent out an expedition to search for the South Land, under the command of Fernandez de Quiros, who sailed from Brazil, in 1605, and after discovering various islands in the Pacific Ocean, reached a certain land he called Australia, supposing it was part of the “great southern continent.” But his lieutenant, Vaes de Torres, having been separated from the fleet by a storm, carried on his exploration independently, and sailed through the strait which bears his name into the Arafura Sea. Torres was the first to assert that Australia was an island. |
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Dilynwyd yr Yspaeniaid gan yr Isellmyn, pa rai a wnaethant lawer o ymdrech i chwilio y wlad newydd, yr hon a ddadguddiwyd iddynt tra yr oeddynt yn archwilio gororau Guinea Newydd, yn yr un flwyddyn ag yr hwyliodd De Quiros o Callao. |
The Spanish were followed by the Dutch, who made many attempts to find the new land, which was disclosed to them while they were exploring the coasts of New Guinea, in the same year as De Quiros sailed from Callao. |
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Y morlywydd Dirk Hartog a ddarganfyddodd yr holl oror orllewinol, ac a diriodd ar yr ynys sydd yn dwyn ei enw, yn 1616. Yn 1623, darganfyddwyd ynysoedd “Arnhem a Spielt,” fel y camgymeriad y pryd hwnw arfordir gorllewinol Golff mawr Carpentaria. |
Commodore Dirk Hartog discovered the entire western coast, and landed on the island which bears his name, in 1616. In 1623, the islands of “Arnhem and Spielt,” were discovered, the western shores of the great Gulf of Carpentaria being mistaken for islands on that occasion. |
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Yn 1642, penderfynodd llywodraeth yr Iseldiroedd anfon y morlywydd Tasman allan unwaith yn rhagor i chwilio y “Tir Mawr Anadnabyddus,” ac i gael allan pa cyn agosed yr oedd yn ymgyrhaedd at y pawl deheuol. Hwyliodd allan o Batavia ar y 14eg o Awst; ac ar y 4ydd o Dachwedd, darganfyddodd yr ynys a elwir yn Wlad Van Diemen, oblegid iddo ei henwi felly er anrhydedd i Antony Van Diemen, llywydd Batavia. |
In 1642, the government of the Netherlands resolved to send commodore Tasman out once more to seek the “Great Unknown Land,” and to find out how closely it reached to the south pole. He sailed out of Batavia on the 14th of August; and on the 4th of November, he discovered the island which is called Van Diemen’s Land, because he named it so in honour of Antony Van Diemen, governor of Batavia. |
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Wedi i gan’ mlynedd gyfan fyned heibio, anfonwyd y Cadben Cook, yn y llong “Endeavour,” i chwilio arfordir Holland Newydd, yn Awst, 1769: ac ar y 19eg o Ebrill, 1770, tiriodd y mordwywr enwog hwn yn Botany Bay, o ba le yr hwyliodd ar hyd yr oror i Awstralia Ogleddol, ac a diriodd drachefn mewn cilfach a alwodd efe yn Bustard Bay, o herwydd yr heidiau o gyffelyb adar a drigiannant y lle. Oddiyma hwyliodd ddwy radd ymhellach i’r gogledd; a chan iddo fethu cael dim dwfr ar ei wahanol deithiau i’r tir, galwodd y gilfach y glaniodd ynddi “Yr Angorfa Sychedig.” Ymhellach i’r gogledd, daeth at enau afon, lle y tarawodd y llong ar graig suddedig o gwrel, ac oddiwrth y ddamwain hon galwodd y fangre, “Afon yr Ymgais” (Endeavour River), tra yr arosodd yma i adgyweirio y llestr. Un diwrnod, mynegwyd iddo, gan forwr dychrynedig, gyda difrifwch mawr, fod y cythraul wedi ymddangos ar y lan yn rhith barilyn galwyn, ond ei fod yn gwisgo cyrn ac esgyll, ac yn ymlusgo yn araf trwy y glaswellt. Wedi hyny, cafwyd allan mai math o ystlum fawr eithaf adnabyddus yn Awstralia oedd y cythraul tybiedig. Gyda llawer o anhawsdra a pherygl, dirwynodd Cook ei ffordd yn ol ac ymlaen rhwng creigiau suddedig a thraethellau Culfor torres—un o’r lleoedd mwyaf enbydus i’w fordwyo yn y byd—ac a gymerodd feddiant o un o’r mân ynysoedd a orweddant rhwng Awstralia a Guinea Newydd, gan ei galw, “Possession Island.” Cymerodd hefyd feddiant o holl oror ddwyreiniol Awstralia yn enw ei benadur, Siôr y Trydydd, gan alw y wlad yn “Ddeheubarth Cymru Newydd,” o herwydd ei fod yn ei gweled yn debyg i “hen fro Gwalia.” |
After fully a hundred years had passed, Captain Cook was dispatched, in the ship “Endeavour,” to seek the coast of New Holland, in August, 1769: and on the 19th of April, 1770, this famous navigator landed in Botany Bay, from whence he sailed along the coast to Northern Australia, and landed again in a cove he called “Bustard Bay,” on account of the swarms of similar birds which inhabited the place. From here he sailed two degrees further north; and because he failed to find any water on his various excursions on land, he called the cove in which he landed “Thirsty Sound.” Further to the north, he came to the mouth of a river, where the ship struck a submerged coral rock, and from this accident he called the place, “Endeavour River,” while he stayed there to repair the vessel. One day, he was informed, by a frightened sailor, with great seriousness, that the devil had appeared on the shore in the form of a one-gallon cask, but wearing horns and wings, and creeping slowly through the grass. Later, it was discovered that the supposed devil was a kind of large bat very familiar in Australia. With much difficulty and hazard, Cook twisted his way back and forth between the strands and sunken rocks of Torres Strait—one of the most perilous places in the world for navigation—and took possession of one of the tiny islands that lie between Australia and New Guinea, calling it, “Possession Island.” He also took possession of the whole eastern coast of Australia in the name of his sovereign, George the Third, calling the country “New South Wales,” because it appeared to him similar to the vales of South Wales. |
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Rywbryd wedi ymadawiad Cook, ymwelodd Van Couver âg arfordir Awstralia, ar ei ffordd i America Ddeheuol, ac a roddodd yr enw “Angorfa y Brenin Sior” i’r gilfach hòno. |
Some time after Cook’s departure, Vancouver visited the shores of Australia, on his way to South America, and gave the name “King George Sound” to that cove. |
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Yn 1772, swyddog Ffrengig, o’r enw Marion de Fresne, a ymwelodd â gwlad Van Diemen. Derbyniwyd ef a’i wŷr yn garedig gan y brodorion, pa rai a gasglasant bentwr mawr o friwydd, ac a amneidiasant ar y dyfodiaid newydd i roddi tân dano, i’r dyben (fel yr ymddangosodd wedi hyny) o wybod a oeddynt yn bwriadu gwneyd eu cartref yn y wlad, neu a oeddynt ar ymweliad heddychol. Marion, yn camgymeryd y dull hwn o gyflafareddu, a osododd y coed ar dân; ac ymosodwyd ar ei blaid yn ebrwydd gan y brodorion, pryd a clwyfwyd Fresne a chydswyddog iddo. Y Ffrancod a daniasant ar yr ymosodwyr, ac a ddychwelasant i’w cychod. Glaniasant eilwaith, ac ymosodwyd arnynt drachefn, pryd y cymerodd brwydr le, ac y lladdwyd llawer o’r ynyswyr. Dyma wreiddyn yr holl elyniaeth rhwng y brodor a’r dyn gwỳn, yr hyn a esgorodd ar erchyllderau na chlywodd clust eu cyffelyb erioed mewn un gongl arall o’r byd (oddigerth gynt yn America), ac a derfynodd yn nifrodiad cenedl gyfan. Hwyliodd Marion oddiyma i Zealand Newydd, lle cododd ymrafael cyffelyb rhyngddo a brodorion yr ynys hòno, ac y cafodd efe ei hun, pedwar o’i brif swyddogion, ac un ar ddeg o’r morwyr, eu lladd a’u bwyta, o herwydd iddynt ymosod yn gyntaf ar yr ynyswyr gyda’r creulondeb mwyaf. |
In 1772, a French officer, by the name of Marion de Fresne, visited Van Diemen’s land. He and his men were received hospitably by the natives, who gathered a great pile of firewood, and beckoned the newcomers to light a fire under it, in order (as it afterwards appeared) to learn whether they intended making their home in the country, or whether they were on a peaceful visit. Marion, misunderstanding this method of arbitration, set the wood alight; and his party was promptly attacked by the natives, and Fresne and a fellow officer were wounded. The Frenchmen fired on their assailants, and returned to their boats. They landed a second time, and were again attacked, whereupon a battle took place, and many of the islanders were killed. This is the origin of all the enmity between the native and the white man, which brought about atrocities the like of which no ear had ever heard in any other corner of the world (other than in America in former times), and which ended in the destruction of the entire race. From there Marion sailed to New Zealand, where a similar fracas arose between him and the natives of that island, and he got himself, four of his chief officers, and eleven of the sailors, killed and eaten, because they attacked the islanders first with the greatest cruelty. |
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Yn 1773, ymwelodd y Cadben Tobias âg Awstralia, ac a adawodd enw ei long i Adventure Bay. |
In 1773, Captain Tobias visited Australia, and gave the name of his ship to Adventure Bay. |
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Y Cadben Furneaux oedd y nesaf a hwyliodd ar hyd arfordir Awstralia, i’r perwyl o wneyd ymchwiliad, ac i benderfynu ai ynys oedd Gwlad Van Diemen, neu ddarn gorynysol o Holland Newydd. Pa fodd bynag, bu ei ymchwiliad yn ofer; oblegid hwyliodd ymaith i Zealand Newydd, gan roddi allan ei farn nad oedd un gainc o fôr yn gwahanu Gwlad Van Diemen oddiwrth Holland Newydd. |
Captain Furneaux was the next to sail along the coast of Australia, with the aim of exploration, and to determine whether Van Diemen’s Land was an island, or a peninsular part of New Holland. However, his exploration was fruitless; for he sailed away to New Zealand, declaring his opinion that there was no arm of the sea separating Van Diemen’s Land from New Holland. |
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Yn 1777, y Cadben Cook, gyda llongau ei Fawrhydi, y “Resolution” a’r “Discovery,” a ymwelodd eilwaith âg Awstralia, ac a angorodd yn Adventure Bay; ond ni chanfyddodd yntau ynysolrwydd y tir. |
In 1777, Captain Cook, with his Majesty’s ships, the “Resolution” and the “Discovery,” visited Australia once again, and anchored in Adventure Bay, but he did not discern the insularity of the land. |
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Yn mhen pymtheng mlynedd, y Commander D’Entrecasteau a diriodd yn yr un wlad heb ganfod mai ynys oedd. Gellir dyweyd yr un peth am y Cadben Bligh, yr hwn a ymwelodd â’r wlad hon yn 1788 a 1792. |
Within fifteen years, Commander D’Entrecasteaux landed in the same country without discovering that it was an island. The same can be said of Captain Bligh, who visited this country in 1788 and 1792. |
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Ar ol sefydlu yn Awstralia y gwnaed y darganfyddiadau mwyaf pwysig. |
It was after the settlement of Australia that the most important discoveries were made. |
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vi “Java La Grande”. |