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CYNNWYSIAD.PENNOD I.Desgrifiad cyffredinol.—Maintioli a sefyllfa Holland Newydd.—Desgrifiad o’r arfordir.—Sefydliadau Afon Alarch, Ynys Kangaroo, &c.—Mynyddoedd Awstralia.—Mynyddoedd tanllyd.—Y canoldir anial.—Llyniau ac Afonydd.—Anifeiliaid, adar, pysg, &c.—Y cynfrodorion.—Hinsawdd gyffredinol.—Ymddyddan rhwng yr awdur â hen sefydlwr. |
CONTENTS.CHAPTER I.General description.—Size and location of New Holland.—Description of the coast.—The settlements on the Swan River, Kangaroo Island, &c.—The mountains of Australia.—Volcanoes.—The desert interior.—Lakes and Rivers.—Animals, birds, fish, &c.—The aborigines.—General climate.—A conversation between the author and a former settler. |
PENNOD II.Dychymyg ein hynafiaid am y “Tir mawr Deheuol.”—Y Chinëiaid yn darganfod Awstralia gyntaf.—Darluniad Marco Polo o’r Tir Deheuol.—Anturiaethau boreuol yr Yspaeniaid, yr Isellmyn, y Ffrancod, a’r Seison.—Dirk Hartog yn darganfod goror orllewinol Awstralia.—Y Morlywydd Tasman.—Y Cadben Cook yn ymweled âg Awstralia.—Van Couver yn chwilio yr oror ddeheuol.—Y Cadben Tobias, a’r Cadben Furneaux, yn ymweled âg Awstralia a Gwlad Van Diemen.—Ail ymweliad Cook.—D’Entrecastau a Bligh yn ei ddilyn.—Penodi Awstralia yn Sefydliad poenol.—Y Cadben Phylip yn sefydlu y drefedigaeth.—Dechreu ei gwladychu.—Bass a Flinders yn chwilio y gororau.—John Oxley yn mapio y wlad.—Darganfyddiadau y Cadben Sturt yn y canoldir.—Allen Cunningham yn myned allan i chwilio y wlad.—Anturiaeth Syr T. L. Mitchell; ei ddyoddefiadau yn yr anialwch canoldirol, a’i ddarganfyddiad o Awstralia Ddedwydd.—Darganfyddiadau y Cadben Stokes, Mr. Tyre, Mr. Dixon, Stizeleccki, a’r yswatwyr.—Y Dr. Leichhardt ar goll yn y canoldir. |
CHAPTER II.Our ancestors’ ideas about the “Great South Land.”—The Chinese first to discover Australia.—Marco Polo’s description of the Southern Land.—Early expeditions of the Spanish, the Dutch, the French, and the English.—Dirk Hartog discovers the western coast of Australia.—Commodore Tasman.—Captain Cook visits Australia.—Van Couver explores the southern coast.—Captain Tobias, and Captain Furneaux, visit Australia and Van Diemen’s Land.—Cook’s second visit.—D’Entrecasteaux and Bligh follow him.—Australia designated a penal Settlement.—Captain Phillip establishes the colony.—Its settlement begins.—Bass and Flinders explore the coasts.—John Oxley maps the land.—Captain Sturt’s discoveries in the interior.—Allen Cunningham sets out to explore the country.—Sir T. L. Mitchell’s expedition; his misfortunes in the interior desert, and his discovery of Australia Felix.—The discoveries of Captain Stokes, Mr. Tyre, Mr. Dixon, Strzelecki, and the squatters.—Dr. Leichhardt lost in the interior. |
PENNOD III.Deheubarth Cymru Newydd.—Terfynau ac eangder y drefedigaeth.—Ymddangosiad dinas Sydney—y prif adeiladau, eglwysydd, capelydd, &c.—sefydliadau llenyddol, celfyddydol, a dyngarol—y farchnad—y gorfforaeth a’r cynghor trefol—yr ariandai—yr argraffwasg drefedigaethol—milwyr a heddwysion—y parc a’r gerddi cyhoeddus—y tai berwi a masnach gwêr—gweithfeydd, &c.—y gwahanol enwadau crefyddol—cyllid, trosglwyddiadau &c.—moesau y dinasyddion.—Siroedd, trefydd, a phoblogaeth y drefedigaeth.—Swyddi mwyaf hynod.—Y sefydliadau yswatiol.—Hinsawdd, iachusrwydd, a hirhoedledd y trigolion.—Y gwahanol grefftwyr a’u cyflwr.—Anifeiliaid, cynnyrchion, &c.—Pwy a ddylai ymfudio, a phwy ni ddylai.—Cyfaddasrwydd y Cymry i ymfudo. |
CHAPTER III.New South Wales.—Boundaries and extent of the colony.—Appearance of the city of Sydney—the chief buildings, churches, chapels, &c.—literary, artistic, and humane institutions—commerece—the town council and corporation—the banks—the colonial press—soldiers and police—the park and the public gardens—the boiling houses and the tallow trade—factories, &c.—the various religious denominations—revenue, exports and imports &c.—morals of the citizens.—Counties, towns, and population of the settlement.—Most notable counties.—The squatter settlements.—Climate, health, and longevity of the inhabitants.—The various artisans and their conditions.—Animals, products, &c.—Who should emigrate, and who should not.—The fitness of the Welsh for emigration. |
PENNOD IV.Prif-ffyrdd Deheubarth Cymru Newydd.—Golwg ymadawol ar Sydney.—Desgrifiad o Paramatta, Windsor, yr afon Hawkesbury, &c.—Ansawdd y tir a’r cnydau cyffredin.—Ei chyfaddasrwydd i gynhyrchu gwin.—Tymmor hau a medi. Cêr hwsmonaeth.—Ychain yn llafurio.—Y dull o gau tir yn feusydd.—Pa fodd y mae y sefydlwr i gael tir.—Gwerthiad cyhoeddus tir y goron.—Cynllun y llywodraeth, a’i ffaeliad.—Gosodiad tiroedd dan ardreth.—Yr anfantais o brynu tir y goron.—Y perygl i’r sefydlwr newydd gael ei dwyllo.—Pa fodd y gall y dynan tlawd gael tir.—Ymddyddan rhwng yr awdwr a hen sefydlwr arall.—Llongyddiaeth eang Sydney.—Ei chymundeb â’r sefydliadau eraill.—Prisiau ymborth.—Cynnyrchion y drefedigaeth.—Dull gwael o amaethu.—Sefydliad Boyd Town, a’i sylfaenwr.—Claddfa Sydney.—Etholiadau dinasol.—Llifeiriaint.—Seirff Awstralia.—Cŵn Sydney.—Direidi cŵn a chathod gwylltion, &c.—Y morgrug a’r mosquitos.—Iachusrwydd yr hinsawdd.—Lliosogrwydd y Pabyddion yno—seiri, llifwyr, &c.—Y dull o adeiladu “perthdai,” a’u dodrefnu.—Arferion teuluaidd.—Buarthau a thai allan.—Arloesi a chau tiroedd.—Ceffylau Awstralia.—Y cynfrodorion. |
CHAPTER IV.The highways of New South Wales.—A departing view of Sydney.—Description of Paramatta, Windsor, the Hawkesbury river, &c.—Quality of the land and the common crops.—Its suitability for producing wine.—The sowing season and harvest. The tools of husbandry.—Ploughing with oxen.—Enclosing land in fields.—How the settler obtains land.—Public sale of crown land.—The scheme of government, and its failings.—Levying rates on land.—The disadvantage of buying crown land.—The risk of deception for the new settler.—How the poor man can obtain land.—A conversation between the author and another former settler.—The considerable shipping of Sydney.—Its commerce with the other settlements.—Food prices.—The products of the settlement.—Poor methods of cultivation.—The settlement of Boyd Town, and its founder.—Sydney Cemetery.—Municipal elections.—Floods.—Australian snakes.—The dogs of Sydney.—The depredations of dogs and wild cats, &c.—The ants and the mosquitoes.—Healthiness of the climate.—Roman Catholics numerous there—artisans, sawyers, &c.—The method of building “bush houses,” and their furnishing.—Family customs.—Farmyards and outhouses.—Clearing and fencing of the land.—The horses of Australia.—The aborigines. |
PENNOD V.Y sefydliadau yswatiol.—Newcastle a Maitland.—Cilfach Moreton.—Morpeth, Clarence Town, Raymond Terrace.—Porth Stephan.—Tiroedd ar osod am dri swllt yr erw, a chludiad trosodd am ddim.—Marchogwyr Awstralia.—Desgrifiad o fintai yswatiol a’r fugeilfa.—Llwyddiant bugeiliaid a’u cyfoethogiad.—“Helyntwyr y berth.”—Dim arian bathol yn treiglo yn y berth bell.—Magu a chneifio defaid.—Trin geifr.—Cyflogau presennol.—Cludiad llafurwyr, crefftwyr, &c., trosodd yn rhad.—Cynnorthwyo ymfudwyr tlodion gan eu plwyfydd.—Cyflwr cysurus bugeiliaid Awstralia.—Buchesau, a ffermydd gwartheg.—Llosgi porfeydd.—Magu ceffylau.—Amddifadrwydd ysbrydol yr yswatwyr.—Codiad cyflogau, a diffyg gweision a morwynion, &c. |
CHAPTER V.The squatter settlements.—Newcastle and Maitland.—Moreton Bay.—Morpeth, Clarence Town, Raymond Terrace.—Port Stephen.—Land for lease at three shillings an acre, and free conveyance.—Horsemen of Australia.—Description of the squatting class and the pastures.—The graziers succeed and prosper.—“Bush-rangers.”—No cash used in the remote bush.—Breeding and shearing sheep.—Keeping goats.—Current wages.—Labourers, artisans, &c. conveyed cheaply.—Poor emigrants assisted by their parishes.—The comfortable position of shepherds in Australia.—Cattle herds, and cattle farms.—Burning pastures.—Breeding horses.—The spiritual poverty of the squatters.—The rise of wages, and the lack of servants and maids, &c. |
PENNOD VI.Darlith Mr. Schilling ar gloddio aur.—Cyflead daearyddol mynyddoedd Awstralia, a’u cyfansoddiad mwnyddol.—Gorweddle yr aur. Y gwahanol fathau o gloddiadau. Desgrifiad o gloddfeydd Deheubarth Cymru Newydd a Phorth Phylip—y Turon a Mynydd Alecsander.—“Can’-pwys aur y Dr. Kerr.”—Y dull o chwilio am aur, cloddio, a golchi aur mewn crydau, &c.—Ennilliadau y cloddwyr.—Nodiadau.—Gwobr y dyn du a ddarganfyddodd y “maen aur.”—Cadw gwyliau Nadolig yn Awstralia.—Dwfr afiach.—Priodasau y cloddwyr.—newyddion diweddaf o Sydney. |
CHAPTER VI.Mr. Schilling’s lecture on gold digging. Geographical location of Australian mountains, and their mineral composition. Gold deposits. The different kinds of excavation. Description of the diggings in New South Wales and Port Phillip—the Turon and Mount Alexander.—“Dr. Kerr’s hundredweight of gold.”—The methods of finding gold, digging, and washing gold in cradles, &c.—The diggers’ earnings.—Notes.—The reward for the black man who discovered the “golden stone.”—Christmas festivities in Australia.—Unhealthy water.—Diggers’ weddings.—recent news from Sydney. |
PENNOD VII.Taith i’r cloddfeydd.—“Y Simplon Awstralaidd.”—Y dull o yru ychain yn Awstralia.—Golygfeydd a pheryglon y ffordd.—Dyffryn Clwyd.—Pentref Soffala a’i boblogaeth ryfedd.—Bathurst a’r sir.—Darganfyddiad cyntaf yr aur.—Dinas Ophir.—Barn Humboldt am famgroth (matrix) aur.—Yr holl Fynyddoedd Gleision yn eurog.—Darganfyddiadau Stutchbury, Murchison, Smith, Clarke, a Hargreaves.—Y “cynhwrf euraidd,” neu y “clefyd aur.”—Dynion o bob gradd a sefyllfa yn ymruthro i’r cloddfeydd.—Y cloddwyr yn dïystyru awdurdod y goron, a’r llywodraethwyr yn cymeryd braw—Caniatäu trwyddedau i’r cloddwyr.—Y lleoedd tebycaf i gael aur ynddynt.—Y prif gloddfeydd.—Summerhill, Cainc Meroo, Braidwood ac Aralfen, Ceunant Bell, Cainc Louisa, Cainc Pepper, y Turon, Bryn Ration, Tuena, Ophir, &c.—Pa fodd i adnabod a phrofi aur. |
CHAPTER VII.Journey to the diggings.—“The Australian Simplon.”—The method of driving oxen in Australia.—Scenery and hazards of the road.—The Clyde Valley.—The village of Sofala and its extraordinary population.—Bathurst and the county.—The first discovery of gold.—The city of Ophir.—Humboldt’s opinion on the matrix of gold.—The whole of the Blue Mountains gold-bearing.—The discoveries of Stutchbury, Murchison, Smith, Clarke, and Hargreaves.—The “gold rush,” or the “gold fever.”—Men of every rank and station rush to the goldfields.—The diggers scorn the authority of the crown, and the government takes fright—Licences granted to the diggers.—The most likely places to find gold.—The chief goldfields.—Summerhill, Meroo Creek, Braidwood and Araluen, Bell’s Creek, Louisa Creek, Pepper Creek, the Turon, Ration Hill, Tuena, Ophir, &c.—How to recognize and test gold. |
PENNOD VIII.Y ffordd o Sydney i Melbourne yn cael ei desgrifio. Darluniad o brifddinas Porth Phylip—heolydd, adeiladau, addoldai, &c.—Yr Yarra-Yarra, William’s Town, a Geelong.—Gellibrand a Hesse ar goll.—Y mân drefi taleithiol.—Maint a phoblogaeth Porth Phylip.—Hanes y “dyn gwyllt o’r coed.”—Mr. Bateman yn cael tir gan y brodorion.—Prydferthwch a ffrwythlonrwydd y drefedigaeth.—Tystiolaeth sefydlwyr.—Desgrifiad o ansawdd a hinsawdd y wlad.—Poblogaeth, cynnyrchion, trosglwyddiadau, &c.—Nodweddiad y trefedigion. |
CHAPTER VIII.The road from Sydney to Melbourne described. Description of the capital of Port Phillip—roads, buildings, houses of worship, &c.—The Yarra-Yarra, William’s Town, and Geelong.—Gellibrand and Hesse lost.—The small provincial towns.—Area and population of Port Phillip.—The story of the “wild man of the forest.”—Mr. Bateman acquires land from the natives.—The beauty and fertility of the colony.—The testimony of settlers.—Description of the quality and climate of the country.—Population, products, imports and exports, &c.—Character of the settlers. |
PENNOD IX.Mordaith i Awstralia Ddeheuol.—Adelaide; ei sefyllfa, adeiladau, lleoedd addoliad, &c.—Trefydd taleithiol.—Maintioli, ffrwythlonrwydd, a hinsawdd y drefedigaeth.—Cloddfeydd copr mawr Burra-Burra.—Poblogaeth, cynnyrchion, trosglwyddiadau, &c.—Cyflogau crefftwyr a gweithwyr. |
CHAPTER IX.The voyage to South Australia.—Adelaide; its situation, buildings, places of worship, &c.—Provincial towns.—Size, fertility, and climate of the colony.—The great copper mines of Burra-Burra.—Population, products, imports and exports, &c.—Wages of artisans and labourers. |
PENNOD X.Afon Alarch, neu Swan River.—Ei sefyllfa a’i maintioli.—Ansawdd y tir a’i gynnyrchion, hinsawdd, &c.—Poblogaeth, trosglwyddiadau, cynnyrchion, &c.—Sylfaeniad y drefedigaeth.—Y sefydlwyr cyntaf yn cychwyn allan.—Siomedigaeth a dyoddefiadau yr ymfudwyr cyntaf. Hynodrwydd coed Awstralia.—Ffaeliad y drefedigaeth hon, a’r achos.—Nodweddiad moesol y trefedigion. |
CHAPTER X.Swan River.—Its location and size.—Quality of the land and its products, climate, &c.—Population, imports and exports, products, &c.—Establishment of the colony.—The first settlers set out.—Disappointment and sufferings of the first immigrants. Peculiarity of Australian timber.—Failure of the colony, and the cause.—Moral character of the settlers. |
PENNOD XI.Meusydd aur Victoria.—Eu darganfyddiad.—Clunes, Ballarat, y Gainc Ddefn, Mynydd Siomedigaeth.—Cloddfeydd enwog Mynydd Alecsander.—Cyflogau yn dra uchel.—Desgrifiad rhyfedd o “dref aur” Ballarat gan ymwelwr.—Bwthyn cynnrychiolwyr ei mawrhydi, &c.—Golygfeydd hwyrol yn y dref aur.—Cadw Sabboth yn y cloddfeydd.—Bwyta mil o ddefaid dydd.—Lladratta pridd euraidd, a chosb lleidr, &c.—Dynion wedi eu codi o dlodi i gyfoethogrwydd mawr mewn ychydig wythnosau.—Ennilliadau hynod rhai o’r cloddwyr.—Anhwylusdra a thrallod meistriaid am weision, morwynion, a gweithwyr.—Effeithiau y “clefyd aur” ar drigolion Melbourne a Geelong.—Pawb yn myned i’r cloddfeydd.—Hyd y fordaith, taliadau, &c. |
CHAPTER XI.The Victorian goldfields.—Their discovery.—Clunes, Ballarat, Deep Creek, Mount Disappointment.—The famous goldfields of Mount Alexander.—Wages very high.—A marvellous description of the “gold town” of Ballarat by a visitor.—The cottage of her majesty’s representatives, &c.—Evening scenes in the gold town.—Keeping the Sabbath in the goldfields.—A thousand sheep eaten daily.—Gold-bearing soil stolen, and a thief punished, &c.—Men raised from poverty to great wealth in a few weeks.—Remarkable profits of some of the diggers.—Inconvenience and difficulties experienced by masters with servants, maids, and labourers.—Effects of the “gold fever” on the inhabitants of Melbourne and Geelong.—Everyone goes to the diggings.—Length of the voyage, fares, &c. |